Disability: VAT

Lord Ashley of Stoke: asked Her Majesty's Government:
	Whether they will review the VAT paid by disabled people in view of the Low Incomes Tax Reform Group's report VAT and Disabled People—The Case for Removing the Barriers.

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, the Government will consider the evidence presented in the report carefully and will assess whether any of the recommended VAT changes would be consistent with European VAT agreements and whether they would be well targeted and cost-effective when compared with the range of support already provided for people with disabilities.

Lord Ashley of Stoke: My Lords, I thank my noble friend for that response, but does he agree that the law relating to disabled people and VAT contains some ridiculous anomalies? One among many examples is that if a disabled person decides to widen his doorway to make it accessible, he qualifies for zero-rated VAT, but if that same man decides to have a new doorway made to aid accessibility, he has to pay VAT at 17.5 per cent. I do not see the sense in that. This kind of absurd anomaly damages disabled people because it is so unfair to them. What we require now is urgent government action. Can my noble friend say whether we will get some government action with not too many ifs and buts? This has been going on for far too long and I would like a clear, straight answer on the urgent action needed to resolve this problem.

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, the whole House will recognise the authority with which my noble friend speaks on these issues. As I may have mentioned in my original Answer, a meeting is due to take place in the next 10 days between the Low Incomes Tax Reform Group and officials from the Treasury and Revenue and Customs in order to discuss these issues, including some anomalies. Whether the anomalies are quite as dramatic as my noble friend has indicated, I might dispute. There is a difference between widening a doorway to assist the disabled by enabling wheelchair access and designing a doorway that might just be to improve the quality and value of the house and might not be strictly necessary for the disabled person. That is why the one attracts VAT and the other is exempt. However, of course I respect what my noble friend is saying. The meeting is due to take place shortly and certainly those attending will be able to present these issues to officials.

Lord Addington: My Lords, does not the Minister agree that there is some degree of confusion in the tax system? As the noble Lord has pointed out, although you get some tax relief for certain repairs in your home, if you are carrying out workplace initiatives to enhance the Government's policy of getting disabled people into work, you do not get VAT relief. Does not the Minister agree that that is an absurdity?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, with all these issues there is a borderline and, depending on which side of the border a particular decision is taken, it can create disquiet. The noble Lord is right that we are concerned to help the disabled to enjoy full-time work when they are able, but he will recognise that we have to protect our system from exploitation in which VAT is avoided when works are for the benefit not of the disabled but of others in the household. Those circumstances do not justify VAT relief.

Lord Skelmersdale: My Lords, in his original Answer, the Minister said that the Government's actions in this area could be proscribed by the VAT directives. Will he explain just how they might be proscribed? More important, what happens in other EU countries so far as these anomalies are concerned?

Lord Davies of Oldham: First of all, my Lords, the noble Lord will recognise that we have lived with the directives since 1973, ever since VAT was introduced. The range of reliefs and zero rates have been targeted at disabled people against a background where it is clear that we are bound by European positions on VAT; for instance, we are prohibited from changing VAT rates from those that we have inherited from previous Administrations. VAT is a significant conditional factor occasioned by Europe, but the benefits of membership of the EEC and the single market in other respects counterbalance this particular limitation on the Treasury's ability to act.

Baroness Darcy de Knayth: My Lords, VAT legislation refers throughout to "handicapped", while the Taxes Management Act 1970 refers to "idiot", "lunatic" and "insane person". Both need bringing up to date in line with the definition in the Disability Discrimination Act. Will the Minister undertake to look at this and perhaps do something about it as soon as possible?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, the Government are fully aware of the embarrassing fact that certain parts of our taxation legislation refer to disabled people in terms from the 1970s and 1980s that are now utterly redundant and unacceptable. The noble Baroness will recognise, however, that as the principles contained in those Acts are not changing significantly at this stage, whether we ought to introduce primary legislation merely to update a particular term is an issue that concerns the Government in terms of the availability of time.

Baroness Uddin: My Lords, while it would be remiss of me not to mention the great changes that have occurred because of the disability rights movement, does the Minister agree that there is still a huge way to go, as those who most need help are often still not aware of some of the benefits of this or other pieces of legislation that benefit disabled people?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, I agree with my noble friend that the question of public awareness with regard to take-up of these opportunities is important. The Government are particularly concerned that frail and elderly people who should benefit from support often, because they do not actually have a disability, do not think that they should benefit, and nor do their relatives. That is important information that should be better communicated.

Olympic Games 2012: Stadium Design

Lord Naseby: asked Her Majesty's Government:
	Why HOK Sport's design for the 2012 Olympic stadium does not include a roof structure.

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, no final decisions have yet been taken on the design of the Olympic stadium. The designs are currently being developed by the Team McAlpine consortium, which includes the architects HOK Sport Ltd on behalf of the Olympic Delivery Authority. The Olympic Board will consider these design proposals as soon as they are ready.

Lord Naseby: My Lords, are the Minister and Her Majesty's Government aware that there is enormous support in the country for a very successful Olympic Games but that those who manage to go to see the Games do not want to be soaked to the skin? Given, too, that the initial design had no roof cover and that a Memorandum of Understanding has already been signed with Costain for £400 million, can we be reassured that the majority of seats will be covered so that people can view this great event without getting soaked to the skin?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, the noble Lord makes a timely representation; decisions on the design are to be taken by the Olympic Board over the next two to three months. A design has been submitted with a roof for a part of the stadium; there is also considerable pressure, represented by the noble Lord, from those who hope that the stadium will be totally enclosed. However, there are costs involved as well as concern about the use to which the stadium will be put after the Olympic Games.

Lord Faulkner of Worcester: My Lords, does my noble friend recall that when the decision was taken 10 years ago to build the Cardiff Millennium Stadium with a retractable roof—I declare an interest as vice-chairman of the stadium company—it was for the Rugby World Cup, but with the intention that the legacy would allow the stadium to be used for a multiplicity of events once the rugby had finished? Is he aware that, with the roof, it is possible for the Millennium Stadium to stage at least six events a year, which are entirely dependent on the roof being closed and which would otherwise not come to Cardiff or, indeed, might not take place in the United Kingdom at all? Is there not a very strong case for a stadium that will be around for a long time, such as the Olympic stadium, having a roof?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, I am second to none in my admiration for the stadium in Cardiff, but it is designed to hold crowds of 60,000 and is a permanent sporting stadium with a very high level of paying public. The numbers seated by the Olympic stadium will come down from 50,000 to 25,000 after the Games. It is not intended to be a sports stadium modelled on the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff but to be much more for local use and a feature of the neighbourhood. That is bound to mean that the concept of costs and the long-term legacy is somewhat different from the outstanding sports stadia we have in this country.

Lord Glentoran: My Lords, I have two points. The Cardiff stadium holds 76,000 people, not 60,000, as the Minister said. Secondly, can he assure the House that the decision on the legacy of the Olympic stadium—whether we will have an athletics stadium or a full permanent one—has been made?

Lord Davies of Oldham: Not in full detail, my Lords, which is why a decision on the nature of the stadium is significant. However, it has been decided that the stadium will not be suitable for a premier league football club, which would expect gates of 60,000 or more—I apologise for getting the figure wrong. The stadium will hold only 25,000 as a legacy for the area—that is an important conditional factor on its nature and structure. It is to be converted from an Olympic stadium and will hold 25,000 in the longer term instead of more than twice that number. That is why we need to think about the stadium in different terms from stadia at which football matches are played or our great national sporting stadia. The complex will be the legacy of the whole of the Olympic Park in that area.

Lord Addington: My Lords, will the Minister assure us that if we are to get a stadium whose long-term usage includes athletics, we will concentrate primarily on that sport as it needs a permanent home in central London? Will he make sure that in future we do not confuse roofs with covered seating?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, I agree on the latter point, certainly. The noble Lord is right: London lacks a significant athletics stadium. Wembley is a magnificent sports stadium, but for football. This will be an athletics stadium for the Olympic Games; it will be used for field and track events plus the opening and closing ceremonies. Thereafter it will be used for athletics.

Baroness Carnegy of Lour: My Lords, is the Minister aware that high in Maslow's hierarchy of human needs is to have a roof over your head?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, no one would disagree with the noble Baroness on that front, but I emphasise that those who attend sporting events do so for a rather more limited period. Sports fans through the ages have suffered considerable privations for the joy of their sport, even without a roof over their head.

Inflation

Lord Goodlad: asked Her Majesty's Government:
	What measures they propose to take to reduce inflation.

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England has operational responsibility for the conduct of monetary policy. Under the Chancellor's remit for the MPC, the operational target for monetary policy is an underlying inflation rate of 2 per cent. The remit was last confirmed on 21 March 2007. For their part, the Government will continue to be vigilant and disciplined in the fight against inflation. To that end, the Chancellor announced to Parliament on 1 March that overall headline settlements for public sector workforces covered by pay review bodies are to be less than the 2 per cent inflation target in 2007-08.

Lord Goodlad: My Lords, I thank the Minister for that reply. Will he confirm that the Government's attitude towards this is confident but not complacent? Does he agree that the Monetary Policy Committee is composed of the most distinguished people and that it is grossly unfair and unfortunate that commentators should say that the Chancellor of the Exchequer has packed it with Keynesian doves? Does he think that it would be good for the Bank of England's reputation for independence if future MPC members were appointed not by the Chancellor of the Exchequer but by the Civil Service Commission?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, first, I echo the noble Lord's opening remarks: the Government are confident that they will get inflation within target and below 2 per cent. Measures have been taken to guarantee it and public sector pay settlements are an important contributory factor in that. As the noble Lord will recognise, the Governor's letter is the first from the Monetary Policy Committee in a decade. The board as constituted, with the Bank of England representatives and the Chancellor's nominees, has generally ensured that this country has enjoyed the best inflation record of any advanced economy in recent years. There is therefore no obvious reason why we need to change the committee's structure.

Lord Barnett: My Lords, it is nice to agree with my noble friend on the third of the four Questions he is replying to—which I think is a record. However, in his regular chats with the Governor of the Bank of England, will my noble friend remind him that going 0.1 per cent over the target once in 10 years is no cause for panic? He should remind him that, in practice, he also has another remit, as excessive interest rate increases would have a serious impact not only on the exchange rate but on the potential for economic growth.

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, I am grateful to my noble friend for that reminder. However, it is scarcely panic on the part of the Governor of the Bank of England: he is fulfilling his legal commitment under the Bank of England Act 1998 to write to the Chancellor when the inflation target has been exceeded by 1 per cent. So it was not an indication of panic. The whole House will recognise this year's very exceptional circumstances, particularly the increasing energy prices and oil price rise which have occasioned this blip in performance. But a blip is what it is. I can say that without the risk of falling into the complacency against which the noble Lord, Lord Goodlad, warned me.

Lord Higgins: My Lords, what are the Government doing about the growth of the money supply, which cannot be controlled purely by interest rates?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, that is indeed so. However, the noble Lord will also recognise that we have been able over the past decade to manage the economy to produce not only significant growth but control over inflation. It compares well with all previous Administrations. The noble Lord would not want me to comment on inflation rates between 1979 and 1997—which is one possible choice of dates. He can rest assured that the Chancellor and the Governor of the Bank of England are all too aware of these requirements.

Lord Bilimoria: My Lords—

Lord Newby: My Lords—

Lord Soley: My Lords—

Lord Rooker: My Lords, it is the turn of the Cross Benches.

Lord Bilimoria: My Lords, there is no doubt that just about everyone would agree that one of the current Government's best moves has been the creation of the independent Monetary Policy Committee, which has performed very well overall, with low inflation over a prolonged period. But are the Government confident that the measure of inflation is a true representative of today's consumer?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, it is a true representative in terms of international comparisons. We can establish that over the past decade Britain has had the lowest inflation rate of any of the G8 countries with the exception of Japan. We have a need for international comparison which is accurate and that is what the present measure provides. However, I recognise the probable point underlying the noble Lord's question—that mortgages are outside the present computation, and they are important to households. The noble Lord will also recognise that tackling inflation and lower interest rates also help in the question of mortgages.

Lord Soley: My Lords—

Lord Newby: My Lords—

Lord Rooker: My Lords, it is time to hear from the Lib Dems.

Lord Newby: My Lords, while I am sure that all Members of the House will believe that the members of the Monetary Policy Committee have performed their job extremely well, does the Minister accept that concerns have been expressed to which the noble Lord, Lord Goodlad, gave voice—of cronyism in recent appointments and reappointments? Does he accept that the way in which to deal with this is to have a more open and transparent appointments system for members of the Monetary Policy Committee?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, that is a very fine principle, and who could disagree with it—except for the obvious fact that such appointments are market-sensitive. People are watching the development of the Monetary Policy Committee and who is appointed to it very carefully. An open process would create circumstances in which there would be a great deal of uncertainty as to the eventual appointments—and what does the noble Lord think would happen to market speculation in that period?

Baroness Noakes: My Lords, I am confused. The Minister quoted earlier the letter that the Chancellor wrote to the Governor of the Bank of England saying that the Chancellor was going to keep wages in the public sector below 2 per cent. RPI is 4.8 per cent. What magic wand has the Chancellor got to make employees in the public sector accept a real pay cut of 3 per cent?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, the Chancellor does not have a magic wand, but he probably has the confidence of the nation that he has run an economy at an inflation rate below half the inflation rate that the previous Administration managed for 18 years. It is an economy with significant growth and one of full employment. Members who value their jobs and earning power recognise that at times short-term sacrifices bring longer-term rewards.

Television: Quiz Programmes

Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes: asked Her Majesty's Government:
	What steps they are taking to prevent fraudulent practices on television quiz programmes.

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, responsibility for the regulation of these services rests with the independent regulators Ofcom and ICSTIS. In response to recent concerns, ICSTIS has set out a range of actions aimed at restoring public trust in premium-rate services. In addition, Ofcom is undertaking a root-and-branch inquiry into the use of premium-rate services in television programming. Separately, ICSTIS and Ofcom are also investigating specific cases. If they expose serious flaws of compliance, the regulators have the power to impose a range of sanctions on service providers.

Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes: My Lords, I thank the Minister for that reply. Is he aware that one of the worst aspects was the complacent attitude of Ofcom when questioned about it? Will he remind Ofcom that the terrestrial channels are licensed for public entertainment and news, not gambling? Will he support the Gambling Commission, which has complained bitterly about the proliferation of phoney gambling quizzes on terrestrial channels, and tell Ofcom that it must pay attention to this and take much more drastic steps than it has planned?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, I accept what the noble Baroness says, but ICSTIS is the prime mover with responsibility for covering premium phone rates, the main anxiety in recent months. That does not mean that Ofcom ought to be complacent. It is not; it is also committing itself to action, but the initial moves will come from ICSTIS in investigating and establishing the nature of the problem. What is certain is that the whole of television, to say nothing of the viewing public, can only gain from full restoration of trust in the fairness of such programmes.

Lord Clement-Jones: My Lords, the Minister rightly says that it is vital to restore public trust in these quiz shows. I welcome some of the steps taken by ICSTIS and Ofcom, but is he convinced that ICSTIS is pursuing these breaches of the code vigorously enough? Every major broadcaster has been guilty of a breach of the code, but no fines have been imposed on them. Is it not about time that ICSTIS started to impose fines?

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, ICSTIS recently strengthened its regulations on these issues. However, in the more extreme cases it may have to construct a case that will stand up in a court of law; therefore, it is essential that it carries out its investigation with due diligence. However, I accept what the noble Lord says and I am assured that both bodies are all too well aware of the enormous public concern. That concern will show itself in a loss of trust in television companies and the loss of their revenues as the public turn away from these activities, unless trust is effectively restored.

Lord Foulkes of Cumnock: My Lords, I congratulate my noble friend on answering all four Questions so brilliantly on this May Day. It is also a red-letter day because I agree with every word spoken by the noble Baroness, Lady Oppenheim-Barnes, and the Liberal Democrat spokesman. That has never happened before. I urge my noble friend to have a word in the ear of Sir Alistair Graham and tell him to get his finger out and take some action. After all, he now has one less of his many quangos and he has time to get on with it.

Lord Davies of Oldham: My Lords, I am delighted to hear that there is consensus right across the House on my noble friend's expression of agreement with what the noble Baroness said. She identified the issue very accurately in her Question. My noble friend is right but we should not personalise these issues; rather, we should make it absolutely clear that the regulatory authorities have a significant task on their hands. It is difficult to think of an instance in the past two or three decades of broadcasting where regulatory authorities were brought to the front in quite the way they are by public concern over these issues. At its worst, an element of fraud is involved. That is why I mentioned the potential seriousness of the offence. It is not a question of personalities but of whether bodies do their job properly. Ministers will insist that they do.

Lord Harrison: My Lords, did my noble friend warm to the normal practice of quiz shows whereby, if one contestant gets four questions right in a row, they normally qualify for an extra pint and a round of applause?

Lord Davies of Oldham: Yes, my Lords, and as there was no premium rate, there is no question of fraud in this situation.

International Tribunals (Sierra Leone) Bill [HL]

Lord Triesman: My Lords, I beg to move that this Bill be now read a second time.
	This Bill will enable us to show, through concrete action, our commitment to the United Nations, to international justice and to Sierra Leone. A vicious war ravaged Sierra Leone throughout the late 1990s. Wanton killing, mass rape and sexual slavery, mutilation, amputation, the burning of homes and destruction of property shocked the world. Tragically, those who perpetrated such crimes often used children as soldiers in their war. They enslaved them. They armed them. They made them commit terrible crimes, often against their own loved ones.
	I am proud that, through our military intervention in May 2000, the United Kingdom helped to bring peace to Sierra Leone. Our forces did a remarkable job, as ever, in a place that some people said was beyond saving. Since then, we have supported the Government of Sierra Leone as they have built on that peace and worked to put the years of war decisively in the past. But peace in west Africa is fragile. We should not forget that the people of Sierra Leone continue to live with the legacy of the crimes committed and inflicted on them, just as others do in the Balkans and in Rwanda.
	In 2002, the Government of Sierra Leone and the United Nations negotiated an agreement to establish the Special Court for Sierra Leone. We supported that because we recognised the horror of what had come before, and we were mindful of the need to send a message that such crimes could not be allowed to go unpunished; there should be no impunity. The special court is an international criminal tribunal, which incorporates domestic and international law. Sierra Leonean judges and staff sit alongside international colleagues. We have consistently supported the special court as it takes forward its mandate to try those most responsible for the serious violations of international humanitarian law that took place during the civil war.
	If we want to stop fresh atrocities in Africa, or in any part of the globe, we need to send a strong message: some crimes, whatever the circumstances, will be punished. It is, of course, for the court to determine the truth regarding the allegations against those individuals facing trial. In doing so, it will help to close this chapter of conflict and help Sierra Leone to overcome its bitter legacy. Our support for the court, as for other international criminal tribunals, such as those for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, is not just financial. As my right honourable friend the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs said in June, if we want to live in a just world, we must take responsibility for creating and fostering it. In practice, that means that we, and other states, must provide strong support to such tribunals as they take forward their important work. We do that by sharing information, by taking witnesses into our relocation system and by imprisoning some of those convicted by the tribunals.
	It is for that reason that the International Criminal Court Act 2001 makes provision, among other things, for our entering into sentence enforcement agreements with the International Criminal Court and with other international criminal tribunals established by resolution of the United Nations Security Council.
	The Special Court for Sierra Leone was established with the full agreement and participation of the Government of Sierra Leone. A UN Security Council resolution was not, therefore, required. None the less, a resolution authorised the UN Secretary-General to negotiate the founding agreement with the Government of Sierra Leone. The reality is that an international criminal tribunal established in this way was not entirely foreseen at the time of the drafting of the International Criminal Court Act.
	This short, two-clause Bill will extend the International Criminal Court Act's provisions on sentence enforcement to the Special Court for Sierra Leone. It will enable the United Kingdom to enter into such an agreement with the special court. That is further concrete evidence of our support for the resolution of this history of difficulty. I can assure the House that the Special Court for Sierra Leone enjoys full support from the whole of the international community and fully deserves our practical support.
	Some may ask why we are taking this step now in the particular case of the Special Court for Sierra Leone. The first reason is the United Kingdom's commitment to peace, security and development in Sierra Leone. We have shouldered that responsibility from intervention through to finishing the job. We told everyone—the Sierra Leoneans, the ECOWAS community of west Africa and, not least, our forces that started this difficult job—that we would finish this difficult job. Secondly, it is through actions such as this that we safeguard the investment that the United Kingdom has made militarily, politically and financially in Sierra Leone. Thirdly, we shouldered that responsibility to give effect to our commitment to imprison former Liberian President Charles Taylor if he were convicted by the Special Court for Sierra Leone.
	Perhaps I may speak now about that commitment. Former President Taylor was transferred to the detention facility of the Special Court for Sierra Leone in Freetown on 29 March 2006, when he was indicted for alleged crimes against humanity and for war crimes. Within a short period, considerable security concerns arose regarding former President Taylor's presence in Freetown. There were fears that his supporters might take action to destabilise the region; there was evidence, which I regarded as significant, that they were planning such action. For that reason, the Governments of Sierra Leone and Liberia, with the support of the United Nations, proposed that former President Taylor's trial should take place away from the court's headquarters in Freetown. The Government of the Netherlands agreed to allow the special court to sit in The Hague to hear former President Taylor's trial, and the International Criminal Court agreed to allow the special court to use its facilities for the trial. The Dutch, however, insisted that, if former President Taylor were convicted, he must serve his sentence in another state.
	The then UN Secretary-General, Kofi Annan, in the light of the security concerns and on the advice of UN staff operating on the ground, added his urgent call to that of the regional Governments and requested that the United Kingdom agree to make the necessary commitment to the Dutch. On 15 June, I informed the House that my right honourable friend the Foreign Secretary had agreed that, subject to parliamentary legislative approval, the United Kingdom would allow former President Taylor to enter the UK to serve any sentence imposed by the Special Court for Sierra Leone, if he were convicted and if circumstances required that. In the following days, former President Taylor's transfer to The Hague was authorised by the president of the Special Court for Sierra Leone and was confirmed by United Nations Security Council Resolution 1688. On 20 June, he was transferred to The Hague, where he now awaits trial. A real threat to peace and security in Sierra Leone and the wider region had been overcome.
	I emphasise that our decision was taken entirely without prejudice to the outcome of the trial of former President Taylor or any other individual on trial before the Special Court for Sierra Leone. I am absolutely clear that former President Taylor is entitled to a fair trial and I am absolutely confident that the Special Court for Sierra Leone will ensure that he receives one.
	In short, the Bill and any subsequent signing of a sentence enforcement agreement represent a contingency arrangement. Imprisonment in the United Kingdom would take place only if former President Taylor were convicted, if the special court requested that the United Kingdom imprison him and if the United Kingdom agreed to do so.
	After contact with the Scottish Executive, it was decided that it was sufficient for the territorial extent of the Bill to be limited to England and Wales. It follows, therefore, that any sentence of imprisonment would be served in a prison in England or Wales.
	The Bill, and any sentence enforcement agreement signed as a result of its provisions, will not apply specifically to former President Taylor. The Bill, which comprises two clauses only, simply establishes the legal basis under which the United Kingdom may sign a sentence enforcement agreement with the special court. None the less, I confirm that the request that was made to us and the political undertaking that we have given relate only to imprisoning former President Taylor, should that be necessary. We have not received a request in respect of any other individual on trial before the Special Court for Sierra Leone. Indeed, we expect that any other individuals convicted by the court will serve their sentences elsewhere. To put this into context, in total, 10 persons are on trial before the Special Court for Sierra Leone.
	In closing, I should like to recall that the United Kingdom has placed itself at the forefront of the international community's efforts to ensure that those accused of the most serious crimes known to humanity are held to account. The Bill follows in the tradition of the UK's staunch action to achieve that objective in relation to the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda and more recent challenges, such as those in northern Uganda and Darfur. It sends yet another powerful signal to those who abuse high office and commit low crimes: there can be no impunity; justice must be served. The Bill matches our words with actions. I commend it to the House.
	Moved, That the Bill be now read a second time.—(Lord Triesman.)

Lord Hannay of Chiswick: My Lords, in intervening, rather briefly, in the Second Reading of this Bill, I do so not out of any desire to criticise it; indeed, I wholeheartedly support it and congratulate the Government not only on the role they played in bringing stability and the rule of law back to Sierra Leone, thus rendering possible the taking of legal action against those suspected of having committed crimes against international humanitarian law in that country, but also on having drawn the practical consequences of our political support by making it possible for us to enforce judgments against any of those so convicted.
	Far too often, fair words by Governments at the United Nations in New York are not translated into practical action by them to implement those fair words, particularly when that action may involve some costs to them either politically or financially. That we are thus willing the means as well as the ends is admirable and it could set a good example to others.
	I want to make one or two more general points. First, amid the gloom and perplexity that we feel when faced with the difficulties of dealing with the problems in Iraq, Afghanistan or Darfur, we tend to forget the major advances that have been made in the past 15 years since the end of the Cold War in undermining the culture of impunity for gross breaches of international humanitarian law. The Yugoslav and Rwandan tribunals, the International Criminal Court and the hybrid tribunals set up with UN backing in Sierra Leone and Cambodia are all steps along that road. Of course, we are still a long way from eliminating that culture of impunity entirely, and no doubt difficult choices and hard cases remain to be settled along the road. But if anyone had suggested, before that trend began, that heads of state would be brought to trial before international tribunals and that leaders as well as foot soldiers would be held to account for their crimes, they would have been laughed out of court. We are, I believe, witnessing a fundamental shift in the application of international law and a very welcome one.
	The concept of a hybrid tribunal, set up under national law but enjoying the support and participation of the whole international community, such as in Sierra Leone and Cambodia, is clearly exceptional. It is a concept that will, one must hope, be even more exceptional now that the International Criminal Court is up and running. It is in a way a tribute to the pragmatism and flexibility with which the UN is capable of operating when the will of its members is there. How much better it would have been surely if a similar hybrid tribunal had been established in Iraq to conduct the trials of Saddam Hussein and his henchmen, and how much more widely would the justice meted out to them have been seen as fair and reasonable than has in the event been the case? Just in case that may be considered as being wise after the event, I would point out that I proposed such a course three years ago in the immediate aftermath of the invasion.
	I have one final point—it is a question rather. The legislation relates only to Sierra Leone and the hybrid court established by that country. Does that leave Cambodia in a somewhat anomalous situation, or have I perhaps missed something? Perhaps the Minister could throw some light on that matter when he winds up the debate.

Lord Anderson of Swansea: My Lords, I, too, commend the Bill and adopt all that the noble Lord, Lord Hannay, said, particularly his general point that now tyrants and those who have committed the most awful crimes against humanity will not go unpunished. I also note that my noble friend said that this Bill relates to a specific request from the United Nations and that there has been a specific undertaking by the Government only in respect of Charles Taylor, the former President of Liberia—if he is convicted, although we know that he was the principal sponsor of the RUF and that the RUF was responsible for some of the most atrocious crimes of recent years.
	It is also worth noting that although the request is specific, the Bill is general. Presumably, if there were to be other requests by the special court in the cases of the other nine indictees, at least the Bill would open the way for us to receive one or more of those. One thinks, for example, of the late Sam Hinga Norman who, after a four-year trial in Sierra Leone in the special court—that is far too long a trial for anyone—eventually died after medical treatment in Dakar.
	Perhaps my noble friend will confirm that the Bill does open the way for other indictees—I think there are 10 in total. I also assume that the special court is very much an ad hoc court because of the necessary agreement between the United Nations and the Sierra Leone Government. The Rome statute that established the International Criminal Court is not retrospective and did not come into force until 1 July 2002. Are there other special courts covering the interim period before the ICC came into force?
	I also note what my noble friend says about the position in relation to Scotland. It is true that foreign affairs are the responsibility of the United Kingdom as a whole, but there are separate legal jurisdictions. With the precedent of Lockerbie one thinks that the Scottish courts in some cases would have had parallel legislation to this, but that was obviated by the agreement with the Scottish Executive.
	It is right, of course, that we gave this undertaking, and it is right that we are prepared if necessary to receive Taylor under the sentence enforcement agreement. It is right that we shoulder the burden in such cases as a good example not only of international solidarity—yes, of Commonwealth solidarity—but because of the special links that we have with Sierra Leone. I have had links with Sierra Leone since the late 1950s when I had some very close friends at university. When I visited Sierra Leone first in the 1960s, it was a time of relative stability, although the Creole population of Freetown, as a result of democracy, had their privileged position threatened by the Mende and Temne tribes. Alas, the subsequent history has been chequered with military coups. Over the years, I have met a succession of exiles from Sierra Leone, all of whom seem to end up in Muswell Hill for some odd reason. Alas, one met a great effluxion of talent from that country.
	We have served Sierra Leone well. In 2000, we had 800 British paratroops who secured the airport, evacuated British citizens and captured Foday Sankoh, the rebel leader, in what was probably a model of international humanitarian intervention—one of the best—which gained us much credit among African countries at the time. It is also fair to say that Britain has been a leader in post-war reconstruction. There are 80 British personnel serving with the International Military Advisory and Training Team, IMATT, in Freetown. DfID has a good record in disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration, proposals for good governance, anti-corruption and capacity building, and even direct budgetary support. There has been substantial progress in Sierra Leone in the transition from war to peace.
	It is also clear that the transition has not been easy, with many of those problems which led to the civil war still existing, reducing the impact of the good work which has been done. Yes, there is the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme for blood diamonds, but one hears that there is now increasing smuggling of diamonds from Sierra Leone into neighbouring countries. The Minister might mention some of the evidence for that. There is, of course, still corruption, poor administration and high youth unemployment in, according to the human development index of the United Nations Development Programme, the second poorest country in the world. There is also regional instability. Liberia is much better placed, but President Conté in Guinea is under increasing pressure from insurgents.
	Finally, we know about the good work we have done thus far in Sierra Leone. We also know that it faces elections on 28 July for both the president and the Parliament. It is good that President Kabbah, unlike certain other presidents, is respecting the constitutional bar on standing again. These elections can be a positive factor in stabilising the country. I hope that the United Kingdom, the Commonwealth and possibly the European Union are ready to help in those elections if called on. I ask the Minister what help we are prepared to give, both logistically and with monitoring. This could be another major step on the road to long-sought stability in that Commonwealth country.

Lord Avebury: My Lords, one of the books I have read over the past 12 months which most impressed me was Simon Schama's Rough Crossings. It is about the episode at the end of the great revolutionary war in the United States when slaves—freed as a result of promises made to them by the British when coming over to our side—were first dumped in Nova Scotia, but then, as a result of the efforts of the two Clarkson brothers, taken to Freetown. There they initially created the first community in the world with universal franchise: both men and women voting. Unfortunately, that initial promise was not borne out in the subsequent history of Sierra Leone.
	We know about the tragic episode of the civil war touched on by the Minister. I join him in echoing the congratulations to our forces on how they heroically restored order there and to all those concerned with the effective help given to Sierra Leone in restoring a functioning democracy. I echo what the Minister said about the assistance we have consistently given in building up a system that will enable war criminals and those guilty of crimes against humanity to be brought before international tribunals and punished for their serious offences.
	On the face of it, the Bill is a simple measure to permit the detention of Mr Charles Taylor, the former President of Liberia, to serve in a UK prison any sentence that may be imposed on him by the special court for Sierra Leone. We have no objection to that in principle and fully support the idea that where there is evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity the alleged perpetrators should be tried either in the courts of their own country or from now on before the International Criminal Court. As has been hinted, this will probably be the last tribunal of its kind before that court takes such cases. In the mean time, we supported the establishment of the ICTY and the ICTR by the United Nations and the arrangements that were made for special courts in Cambodia and Sierra Leone, which were later approved, although not initiated, by the Security Council. I hope that it will not be so easy for those who commit these offences in future to enjoy a peaceful and luxurious retirement in some third country.
	That does not mean to say that we are entirely satisfied with the operations of the Special Court for Sierra Leone and we would like to hear the Government's views on the report of the independent expert, Judge Antonio Cassese. I hope that the Minister has received notification of my questions on this issue, particularly on which of Judge Cassese's recommendations are being implemented. As there are quite a few conclusions, there may not be time to cover them all, but it would be particularly useful to hear what the Minister thinks about the financial insecurity arising from the unpredictability of the voluntary contributions that have financed the court, making it difficult to recruit good staff, and whether the timetable suggested by Judge Cassese is realistic. Judgment is expected in the other cases by mid-2008, but in Mr Taylor's case, not for another year after that. If there is an appeal, Judge Cassese thinks that it might be dealt with by the end of 2009, and the SCSL would then be wound up. I think that that answers the question posed by the noble Lord, Lord Anderson, about further trials before the tribunal. This case would be the last.
	Judge Cassese deals with some of the problems relating to Charles Taylor's trial in particular. He says that as it is starting so much later than the others, it is of central importance to the success of the special court that it should run smoothly. Unfortunately, there have been some problems already, of which the most serious is that moving the trial from Freetown to The Hague not only deprives the court of the advantage of being located in the territory where the crimes were committed, but creates a complicated and expensive logistical nightmare, with a new special court office, redeployment of staff, relocation of the trial chamber, transfer of witnesses and the establishment of an enhanced special court presence in Liberia. Communications between the special court staff in The Hague and Freetown, and between the special court and the ICC, which is providing detention facilities for Mr Taylor as well as the courtroom and presumably offices and storage for defence and prosecution, need to be fully established.
	The decision to hold Mr Taylor's trial at The Hague was made, according to the briefing note kindly provided by the Government, as a result of serious concerns that the defendant's continued presence in Sierra Leone posed a considerable and immediate threat to regional security. The Minister said today that he had seen evidence to that effect which he regarded as significant. The Governments of Sierra Leone and Liberia and the UN Secretary-General called for the trial to be held outside the region.
	Mr Taylor was not said to present any threat to regional stability when he was resident in Nigeria for three years before he was renditioned by President Obasanjo in March 2006, and, as far as I am aware, there were no demonstrations or activities in the seven weeks he was in Freetown before being moved to The Hague on 20 June. I have not been able to find any evidence of the supposed threat, and none was published by the UN. Since the defence application for a hearing on the change of venue was denied by the court, no evidence has been heard on the matter, but a civil society amicus curiae brief, which I hope the Minister has seen, submitted to the court points out that the late Hinga Norman—he was mentioned by the noble Lord, Lord Anderson—who had a great deal of influence as the head of an ethnic militia, had been on trial for some years up to the time of his death without any evidence linking him with moves to cause instability in Sierra Leone. The civil society brief expected the same would be true of Mr Taylor. It emphasised that victims of the atrocities committed in Sierra Leone wanted the alleged perpetrators to be dealt with locally, not in Europe, and it is indeed an insult to the victims and to Africa to remove these proceedings to another continent.
	One unfortunate consequence of Mr Taylor's removal to The Hague has been that the ICC sought to impose its own rules on his conditions of detention. They included the placement of a surveillance video camera in the room where consultations were held with his defence lawyers on the grounds that that rule applied to its own detainee, Thomas Lubanga, who is to be tried on offences committed in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Lubanga's defence lawyer protested, and the ICC's pre-trial judges ordered their registrar to remove his cameras towards the end of last year. Perversely, the registrar removed the cameras from Lubanga's room, but kept them in Taylor's for a month after the SCSI had ordered their removal, prompting the lawyers acting on behalf of Mr Taylor to withdraw from consultations between 7 March and 22 March, when the ICC finally caved in. That delay may not be the last arising from potential conflicts between the rules of the ICC and those of the SCSL, although Judge Richard Goldstone, the distinguished former war crimes prosecutor, says that:
	"SCSL judges have to be completely in charge of all procedures and rules that apply",
	to Mr Taylor. I agree with that opinion.
	As a result of the chilling effect on the consultations with Mr Taylor, as well as the 18-day gap, defence counsel have not surprisingly asked for the trial's start date to be postponed. They have also complained of being handicapped by being allowed only a single international investigator on a six-month contract—which is unlikely to be renewed—compared with the 10 allotted to the prosecution, and we need to be told whether this has been given serious consideration, as suggested by Judge Cassese.
	However, the court has no money beyond June, and there are certain to be huge pressures for adherence to the planned start date, which have everything to do with financial expediency and the need to persuade donors to fund its continued existence and nothing to do with equality of arms between the prosecution and the defence.
	There is no doubt that war crimes and crimes against humanity were committed on a horrendous scale in Sierra Leone before and after 30 November 1996, the date from which the allegations in the indictment run, and it is right and proper that those alleged to be responsible should stand trial. However, I regret that, in this one case only, the international community has seen fit to remove the proceedings from Africa, at great and unnecessary expense, to the detriment of the fairness of the trial and without any consultation with the African Union, which, I believe, would have opposed the decision if it had been asked. I say that because in the case of the former President of Chad, Hissene Habré, who was charged in Belgium with war crimes, crimes against humanity and torture, the AU decided that he should be tried in Senegal rather than extradited, and the Senegalese national assembly enacted a law allowing its courts to deal with these offences wherever they had been committed. I have heard no suggestion that Mr Habré's trial will jeopardise the stability of the region.
	The issue may go beyond the question of whether, if convicted, Mr Taylor should serve his sentence in an English or Welsh prison. But if the international community had not unthinkingly accepted the proposition that Mr Taylor's presence in a Sierra Leone courtroom or jail somehow represented a threat to the security of the whole region, the Bill would not have come before your Lordships today. In agreeing to the Bill, we should at least recognise that that assumption itself impairs the possibility that Mr Taylor will receive a completely fair trial and that removing the delivery of justice on African crime to Europe will delay Africa's acquisition of the capacity to deal with the legal aftermath of its several internal conflicts.

Lord Howell of Guildford: My Lords, I am very grateful to the Minister for introducing and explaining the Bill and to the noble Lords who have, in this short debate, discussed the Bill and its background in considerable detail. I make it clear from the outset that we on these Benches support the Bill, which we understand to be now necessary for the reasons that the Minister explained. To be crystal clear, we understand that the Bill enables the United Kingdom to sign the sentence enforcement agreement with the Special Court for Sierra Leone so that if former Liberian President Charles Taylor is convicted by that court—I understand that his trial is due to begin on 4 June—he can serve his sentence here in the UK.
	I gather, although I would like confirmation of this, that although the Bill sounds as though it is legislating for one individual, it is not hybrid, as one might think, as it deals with a situation rather than a person. I hope that that explanation is correct. To be clearer still on the need for the Bill, I also understand that the issue arises only because we are dealing with a crime or crimes perpetrated before the setting up of the International Criminal Court in 2002 and therefore not embraced by the ICC.
	I was a little puzzled when the Minister said that this was not foreseen when the ICC was set up. Surely what he meant was that, because the ICC was not retrospective, as the noble Lord, Lord Anderson, rightly said, it could not embrace crime committed at that time. Among other things, it would be interesting to know from the Minister whether it is envisaged that more horrors from before 2002—we can all remember many hideous atrocities and apparent international crimes from that period—will lead to trials in similar courts and whether the UK may be similarly involved. In other words, could we face similar legislation in future about the pre-2002 past, or is this really the end of the line, as the noble Lord, Lord Avebury, suggested or hoped? Is the Bill setting any kind of precedent?
	I turn briefly to a few questions beyond those that noble Lords have already put to the Minister. First, as the Minister reminded us, Charles Taylor is not the only one facing charges of this kind in the Sierra Leone court. I believe that there are nine others—well, there are actually 10 but one has gone missing. Can we be sure that the UK will not end up imprisoning any of them, or is that just, in the Minister's word, an "expectation"? Confirmation of that would be helpful.
	Secondly, can the Minister explain the exact reason for using the model of a special court based in—although for security reasons, as we have just heard, not actually meeting in—the country in which the atrocities took place, when, prior to the ICC, courts for Yugoslavia and Rwanda worked somewhat differently? Is the argument for this particular formula this time around that it delivers justice quicker or costs less, or what? Does it have a downside, of the kind just described by the noble Lord, Lord Avebury, for Sierra Leone itself?
	On the matter of cost, which we should never put entirely out of our minds, I suppose that it is right that the UK carries the annual cost of £44,000, and will continue to do so, presumably for many years ahead, if all this comes about. Was there any suggestion that the cost should be shared among ICC member states, or have we, for reasons that the Minister may be able to elaborate on, decided that it is best to take it all on our own purse?
	I have a couple more questions of this kind. If a decision were taken for early release—I have absolutely no grounds for believing that such a thing could arise—who exactly would take that decision? I presume that it would be the court, but the court might not exist some years ahead, so would some residual capacity handle that matter? We must also ask what happens when the sentence comes to an end. Could the person concerned—in this case it would be Charles Taylor, if convicted—claim political asylum if and when he was released from prison at the end of his sentence? Is that likely? Has that been thought about?
	Finally, we come to the minutiae. I would like to know two much smaller facts. First, has the Minister any idea how long the trial will take? Are we talking about months or years? Secondly, he noted that the Bill was for England and Wales only and that it excludes Scotland. Will he tell us exactly why? Is there any subconscious meaning to leaving Scotland out of the Bill that we should all know about?
	Generally, this is a necessary, if not very warming, piece of legislation about an ugly, unpleasant and dark situation—indeed, a nightmare—from the recent past. If we want hope, we can draw it from what is now happening in Sierra Leone, where it seems that a better pattern for the future is emerging. However, we can never forget those hideous scenes and reports from the 1990s of atrocities and cruelties to men, women and children, which we thought probably belonged to the darkest of dark ages but which still continue. We shall now have to wait and see whether and when the Bill comes to be used. At least we are prepared.

Lord Triesman: My Lords, I thank all noble Lords who have taken part in this Second Reading debate. It has been constructive, and I welcome the wide support for the United Kingdom continuing to play its leading role in strengthening international justice and seeing through our pledges to Sierra Leone. As I said, the Bill supports, through practical action, two of our foreign policy priorities: ensuring that those accused of serious crimes of international concern face justice; and preventing and resolving conflict through strong international systems.
	Let me do my best to address the points that noble Lords have made. I thank the noble Lord, Lord Hannay, for his assessment. He is quite right that this is a fundamental shift in delineating our international responsibilities on issues of this kind. I understand his point, and he is quite right to say that he first made it some time ago about Iraq, but I can say only that the strong view of the Government of Iraq was that the trial of Saddam Hussein and others should take place in the context of their national law and their new national institutions. They expressed that very forcefully. Here we are dealing with a case being tried in part under local but principally under international law.
	On hybrid tribunals as a whole, including that for Cambodia, overall my assessment is that mixed national and international courts—that is the distinction that I am making with Iraq—have been a success. This special court has behaved impressively and has worked well under difficult conditions. As the noble Lord, Lord Howell, said, in the course of the trial from 4 June I expect it to continue to do so. Certainly so far it has proved less costly than either the former Yugoslavia or Rwanda tribunals, and its excellent outreach programme means that it is perceived as being accessible and relevant to the people of Sierra Leone. Incidentally, a great deal of work has been done with journalists through the BBC World Service Trust to make sure that there is constant information to underpin the point that this is not a remote activity.
	In Cambodia, the trials in the extraordinary court, better known as the Khmer Rouge tribunal, have not yet started, so it is not possible to say how many individuals will face trial or be convicted. None the less, our expectation is that any sentences given to those who are convicted will be terms of imprisonment served in Cambodia. I can also say that it is absolutely not our intention to imprison any individuals convicted in that trial. In other answers, I shall come back to the issue of burden sharing in general.
	My noble friend Lord Anderson and the noble Lord, Lord Howell, rightly made the point that other indictees could be covered by this Bill. As I said in my opening speech, at the moment we have no expectation that that will be the case. But I want to make the point that it does not totally exclude the possibility. Indeed, if we had named Charles Taylor, we would have been right in the territory of hybrid Bills and thus in all the difficulties that such Bills can create. I can confirm completely that this is not a hybrid Bill.
	I shall respond in the following terms to the other questions put to me by my noble friend Lord Anderson and others. It is true to say that the International Criminal Court could not try Taylor because it has jurisdiction only in respect of crimes committed after the Rome statute entered into force on 1 July 2002, whereas the special court covers crimes committed since 30 November 1996. That is the accurate position, as I can confirm for the noble Lord, Lord Howell, as well. I hope that nothing that I said in my opening speech has added to the confusion; that was not my intention. My noble friend Lord Anderson also asked whether the United Kingdom might take prisoners other than Taylor, and I hope that I have responded to that in relation to what he and the noble Lord, Lord Howell, have put to me.
	My noble friend rightly noted that, despite the positive effects of the quite remarkable intervention in Sierra Leone by our paratroopers in 2000, the troubles in the country are not over. I shall say a little about what we are doing to assist in a more general sense. We certainly have assisted in the movement towards an election and I am pleased to note that, in this context, more support will be provided throughout the election process. It is helpful that the president has decided not to try to change the constitution and run for a third term. I share completely that view. Work needs to be done on corruption and certainly on diamonds, although good progress has been made in the area generally. I was delighted that Liberia was given permission to resume trade for a period, after which there will be another assessment. Progress is being made in the region. As I have said, we are working to see credible elections being held and we are implementing a £2.5 million programme of electoral support to cover, among other things, the capacity of national and local media to report the elections. The programme will also support a coalition of national election monitors, and DfID will be funding international election observers through the National Democratic Institute. UK and EU observers will also be deployed.
	I turn to the questions put by the noble Lord, Lord Avebury. First, it is right to highlight the value of the Cassese report and its recommendations. The United Kingdom is represented in New York on the management committee dealing with the Special Court for Sierra Leone, which will supervise the implementation of the recommendations made in the report. Financial security is an important factor and I am pleased to confirm that in the past few days the United Kingdom has made a further payment of £2 million to the court. We will continue to work with other key contributors to the court to ensure full funding. The latest SCSL budget is being discussed at the moment by the management committee, but I am confident that with our contribution we are beginning to see the kinds of provision that will be necessary to give it the financial stability that has been sought.
	I cannot predict to the noble Lord, Lord Avebury, or the noble Lord, Lord Howell, how long the Taylor trial will last. At the moment that is not known, but if there is new information or a new assessment I will willingly share it with them. However long it lasts, we are committed to ensuring that the court has the funding that it needs for the period in which it conducts the trial.
	I do not share the noble Lord's understanding about the move to The Hague. I will be explicit about my reasons. I believe that Freetown was always going to be difficult. The decision to arrange the move was certainly not taken unthinkingly; on the contrary, we pondered every detail of it long and hard, because we foresaw the question coming up of whether a trial conducted locally would have more impact on the people who had been directly affected.
	I shall say what the sequence was, because it is vital that the House should understand it. It is true that, for a period, ex-President Taylor was a guest, if I can put it that way, of President Obasanjo. I do not know that one could say that his security was a problem—he was under house arrest and very closely supervised, and he did not move anywhere. He was not in prison but he was, in a sense, imprisoned. We then found, when the question of the possibility of a move to Freetown came up, that the newly elected President of Liberia made the point to us in forceful terms that she was asking President Obasanjo to send Charles Taylor to Freetown, and that she was very apprehensive. The trigger to get Charles Taylor out of Nigeria and to Freetown was the request of Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf.
	I remind the House that almost immediately the request was made, Taylor escaped. He was caught on the Nigerian border, not only in full flight but talking about the possibility of resurrecting some of the old forces that had gone around dismembering people in the region. By anyone's standards, those are the beginnings of a significant potential breach of security. However, I am delighted to say that he was recaptured. Then the threats, absolutely not from the victims—this is no insult to them—but from people who were his supporters, to attempt to free him from prison in Freetown gave rise to the anxieties that I have described.
	When you are asked by Kofi Annan, by President Johnson-Sirleaf and by ECOWAS—acting for the African Union as its competent regional body—to take these steps, that is, candidly, not something that you can easily ignore. I had the great privilege of meeting ambassadors and high commissioners from ECOWAS at lunchtime yesterday, and I know that some of them have been present in your Lordships' House to see how this part of our process has been carried forward. I assure your Lordships that the desire of the region was to remove someone who was posing what we believed, for good security reasons, was a significant threat to a place where we could remove that threat. I believe that there will be a fair trial; we will press for it to be entirely fair, as the noble Lord, Lord Avebury, has suggested.
	I hope that I have responded to the main points made by the noble Lord, Lord Howell. His understandings are correct, including the point about the hybrid Bill. Although there are more horrors and I cannot rule out that they could lead to further trials, I think that that is unlikely. The understanding of burden sharing is better embedded now in the international community. We will all have responsibilities, and we had a particular responsibility, as my noble friend Lord Anderson said, for Sierra Leone. Burden sharing is very important. The special court is the right mechanism in this case because it was so specific to the issues in the area, the nature of the witness pool and so on.
	We have not asked to share costs, principally because others are sharing the burdens in response to other trials. Obviously it would not be possible for the Netherlands, which has done a tremendous amount in organising the court proceedings, to say that because people happen to be tried in The Hague, as one of the great centres, the Netherlands should always pick up the issue of imprisonment. There is broad sharing, however, and all in all costs are pretty well distributed.
	I think it wholly unlikely that there will be an early release, but my understanding is that the international court system will make that determination. However, that can certainly be clarified.
	Any decision on asylum would plainly be made in the light of circumstances at the time, but if Taylor were to be convicted by the special court and if he served his sentence in the UK and was then released, I would expect him to leave the United Kingdom or face immediate removal. Under current immigration law, it is open to the Home Secretary to order the deportation of any non-British citizen whose removal from the United Kingdom is deemed conducive to the public good. Any asylum claim would be considered in accordance with the refugee convention, which contains provision to refuse asylum to those who are involved in genocide, crimes against humanity or war crimes. That is a specific provision and, were this to result in a conviction, it would be hard to see how the person convicted would not be covered.
	On Scotland, we believed that we had the resources in England and Wales to do the job and that it was not necessary to go through a further legislative round in Scotland. I hope that that is acceptable to the House; it was never a question of resistance from the Scots Administration.
	We have come to see some crimes, such as those that scarred Sierra Leone, as so serious that they must be of concern to the international community as a whole, wherever they may occur and whoever may commit them. We have a responsibility to ensure that they are investigated and that those responsible are held to account. The primary responsibility for ensuring such prosecutions lies with individual states. I pay tribute to states such as Rwanda and those in the Balkans that are tackling some of these crimes from the past in their national courts. They will continue to have our support in that task. But where an individual state cannot or will not act, the international community must play its role. For that reason, the United Kingdom was instrumental in passing United Nations Security Council Resolution 1593, which referred the situation in Darfur to the prosecutor of the International Criminal Court. I welcome the progress made by the prosecutor in that investigation; the court can continue to count on us as it carries forward its work.
	In Sierra Leone, the international community is working hand in hand with the Government of Sierra Leone as they seek to come to terms with its bloody past. Sadly, international justice cannot bring justice for every victim, as so many of them are no longer alive to receive it. For every man, woman and child killed, scarred or traumatised, it cannot always do the whole job, but it can and it must none the less hold to account those responsible for such crimes. There is already anecdotal evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo and elsewhere that knowledge of the reach of international justice—it can extend even to some of the most inaccessible and war-torn parts of the globe—acts as a deterrent to future would-be warlords and war criminals. That is why we will continue to play our role and to commit the resources and expertise, where necessary, to help the Special Court for Sierra Leone and the wider system of international justice to do their work.
	On Question, Bill read a second time, and committed to a Committee of the Whole House.

Baroness Royall of Blaisdon: My Lords, I beg to move that the House do now adjourn during Pleasure.

Moved accordingly, and, on Question, Motion agreed to.
	[The Sitting was suspended from 4.04 to 4.15 pm.]

Parliament: Waging War (Constitution Committee Report)

Lord Holme of Cheltenham: rose to move, That this House takes note of the report of the Constitution Committee on Waging War: Parliament's Role and Responsibility (15th report, Session 2005—06, HL Paper 236) and the follow-up report (third report, Session 2006—07, HL Paper 51).

Lord Holme of Cheltenham: My Lords, I ask the indulgence of the House when I apologise for having kept noble Lords waiting for 15 minutes. I was told that there was to be a Statement and I was not in the Palace when I was due to be. I am sorry about that, given the demands on your Lordships' time.
	In introducing the Constitution Committee's report on war-making powers, I should start with several votes of thanks. The first is most obviously to members of the Select Committee, several of whom are in the Chamber and a number of whom plan to speak. Secondly, I thank our Clerk, Ian Mackley. This was his last report as a Clerk because he retired shortly afterwards. We are most grateful to him and to our specialist adviser, Professor Colin Warbrick. I particularly want to thank a large body of extremely expert witnesses who came to testify before your Lordships' committee, including noble and learned Lords and noble and gallant Lords.
	This report was commissioned not long after the Iraq war. It took us 18 months. It was a careful report. I would not want to say that we were not all conscious of the war as we deliberated; we certainly were, but this was not part of a post-mortem into the Iraq war. It was, if anything, an attempt to learn from what has proved to be, in the majority opinion of both Houses and of the country, an unhappy adventure from which our security and foreign policy will take a long time to recover. It is incumbent on us to learn the lessons that can be learned; one of them is the circumstances in which young men and women of the Armed Forces should be committed to armed conflict overseas and how that should happen.
	Even by the very high standards of this House and its Select Committee reports, this is an authoritative and timely report of considerable political and constitutional significance. I wish I could say that the same was true of the Government's response to it. We reported towards the end of July last year. It took the Government until early November to respond. That is well over the two months prescribed by the Leader of the House as the appropriate time in which there should be a response to Select Committee reports.
	When the response came it was not only tardy but it would be fair to say that it was cursory to the point of discourtesy. It occupied one and a half pages. It said almost nothing and it certainly did not engage with any of the issues that we had raised. Then, for some reason, probably the same reason, it has taken a very long time to arrange this debate. I am glad that we are finally having it.
	I shall revert in a moment to the Government's response to our report, but let me go straight to the nub of the question. This is not, in the end, an arcane constitutional issue, although there are certainly some interesting constitutional aspects to it. It is not primarily a matter of military command and control, although there are some important practicalities that were and need to be discussed. It is, at root, a question of democratic legitimacy. The question is: in a modern democracy, not a 15th century monarchy, on whose authority should the young men and women of our armed services be sent overseas to fight for their country? To that central question the committee answered unanimously and unambiguously that,
	"the exercise of the Royal prerogative by the Government to deploy armed force overseas is outdated and should not be allowed to continue as the basis for legitimate war-making in our 21st century democracy. Parliament's ability to challenge the executive must be protected and strengthened".
	With every constitutional issue in this country there is a lot of history involved. I do not think that it is an exaggeration to say that British parliamentary history has been forged largely on the anvil of what is called supply: the point where the monarch's wars and his prerogative met the pressing reality of who should pay for those wars.
	The lengths that kings and their advisers went to over history to avoid parliamentary reckoning and questioning were simply extraordinary. At the weekend I read a very racy and entertaining new biography of Sir Robert Walpole by Edward Pearce, whom many Members of this House will know, in which he recounted that in 1710 and 1711 the Great Duke of Marlborough's armies had to be paid off not just by a lottery but by a private lottery expressly raised to avoid having to go to Parliament to ask for the money.
	Supply has always been central to our parliamentary development. Yet, paradoxically, even now these financial constraints on the exercise of the prerogative have largely disappeared. We have a standing army—which was the great issue of the 15th, 16th, 17th and 18th centuries—and a very good one, too. There are large defence budgets and appropriations, let alone substantial contingencies and reserves. Compared to a 17th-century Parliament, a 21st-century one has no financial strings that it can draw tight on an impetuous Executive, certainly not at the point of commitment—although retrospectively that may be argued to have happened sometimes. However, given the indisputable responsibility of the Government, with the Prime Minister in this respect assuming not only the powers of his monarchical predecessors but the responsibilities, too, for the defence of the realm, a number of concerns emerged in the Select Committee's evidence and deliberations about the proposition that I have just made—that Parliament should make the final decisions about war and peace.
	It was asked whether the Prime Minister would have access to more and better intelligence on which to make decisions than mere MPs would. Might there not be genuine emergencies requiring rapid executive decision-making rather than measured parliamentary debate? From some of our military witnesses there was an ill concealed terror of politicians second-guessing their tactics and battle plans and interfering in some way with the professionals. That latter point was made by, among others, the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Bramall, whom I am very pleased to see in his place and who is himself an advocate of prior parliamentary approval. He said:
	"Under no circumstances must parliamentary approval be allowed into the tactical field or the minute field of the way you carry out the operation".
	In our report, we confirmed his strictures, saying:
	"We ... do not ... question the principle that the conduct of military operations ... should remain the exclusive responsibility of military commanders. At the same time we should add that, clearly, the greater the clarity on the part of Government of their objectives in determining the mission objective, the more this assists military commanders in executing that responsibility".
	Then there is the question of information and the intelligence on which it is based, a matter of legitimate concern that your Lordships will want to take seriously, given the understandable fear of warning a potential adversary of details of deployment and of the sources of intelligence. However, we concluded that the House of Commons Defence and Foreign Affairs Select Committees should and could keep a close watching brief on developments as the,
	"vanguard of the parliamentary process",
	and a responsible filter for sensitive information.
	That leaves, as a substantial operational objection to prior parliamentary approval, the often quoted issue of the Prime Minister needing to react swiftly to an emergency. I do not dismiss that, but the nature of our treaty obligations, under which the vast majority of military action is undertaken, the interconnected global information system and the way it has affected international relations make such "surprises" relatively unlikely—although the Argentine invasion of the Falkland Islands could be argued as something of an exception. However, we concluded that, even if they may be exceptional, emergencies and unwelcome surprises cannot be ruled out in all circumstances in the future.
	This consideration, above all others, led the committee to prefer the flexibility of a new convention that the Government should seek parliamentary approval if they propose the deployment of British forces outside the UK into actual or potential armed conflict to, as some have suggested, a comprehensive statutory abolition of this prerogative power. Such a convention would continue to allow executive emergency action under prerogative powers but with the important proviso that, within seven days of its enactment, retrospective parliamentary approval should be sought.
	Another consideration which weighed with the committee in recommending the convention route was the view that it would be unacceptable for there to be a possibility, however remote, of, for example, subjecting forces of the Crown to criminal procedures for action taken in good faith in protecting the national interest. However, the compromise preference for convention should not obscure the unanimous clarity of a cross-party committee that the exercise of the royal prerogative as the authority for the Government, in the person of the Prime Minister, to deploy armed forces is outdated and should not be allowed to continue as the basis for legitimate war-making in our 21st-century democracy.
	The reaction of the Government, both in evidence given to the inquiry and in their subsequent peremptory reaction to our report, which I described, was to defend the status quo, asserting the general principle of ministerial accountability to Parliament—explanatory accountability rather than sacrificial, it should be said—and the unlikelihood, which may well be true, of any Government going to war in the face of widespread parliamentary opposition as adequate defences against any potential abuse of the prerogative.
	That is a very curious reaction from a Government who gave Parliament a vote on the Iraq war. It is the more so given the wide consensus across the political spectrum that the prior approval of Parliament should be sought before deployment. This is the publicly held position of Gordon Brown and David Cameron—indeed, I chaired the meeting of the British-American Project at which David Cameron said that—together with Sir Menzies Campbell and Kenneth Clarke, chair of the Conservative Democracy Task Force. The fact that the Lord Chancellor's brief and negative reaction to the report also promised, contradictorily, to keep the matter "under review" suggests a recognition in Whitehall that the political weather might be about to change, and with it the defence of this anachronism. A Government who say that they are not presently persuaded of the case are indicating that they may well persuade themselves tomorrow.
	A change would not be too painful, particularly given the compromise constitutional convention we suggested. Indeed, some constitutionalists maintain that the foundations for such a convention have already been laid by the vote on the second Iraq war—what Jack Straw, the Leader of another place, has called a clear precedent for the future. When the noble and learned Lord the Lord Chancellor replies at the end of the debate I should be very grateful if he could tell us in terms whether he and Her Majesty's Government disagree with his right honourable friend the Leader of another place that that first vote would be the precedent. Secondly, I would be very grateful if he could tell us in terms that he and Her Majesty's Government categorically disagree with the Chancellor of the Exchequer. Don't mind the great big clunking fist; just tell us if you disagree with the Chancellor of the Exchequer and tell us at the end of the debate. He is being quite clear that this is the way in which things should change.
	For those who believe in more open, rational decision-making on big issues—I cannot think of a bigger issue than war and peace—it seems to me that the recommended reform puts the onus on the Government to place clearly before Parliament the objectives of any deployment together with its legal basis, its likely duration and an estimate of its size. That clarity would be welcomed by the military, who, whatever their reservations about the dangers of micromanagement by politicians, hunger for clear definitions of the macro-task to be undertaken on overseas operations and are becoming increasingly vocal when it has not been forthcoming, as we have seen in the cases of Afghanistan and Iraq. The discipline of full accountability to Parliament would help to ensure clearer ends and therefore a better match of means and ends.
	Ultimately, the issue is not efficiency or even legality but, as I said at the beginning, legitimacy itself. Let me conclude on the prerogative. There are noble Lords speaking in this debate who have worked for the abolition of this whole set of pre-democratic principles or what the Government call "historical anachronisms". They may feel that this report does not go far enough. I simply say this: whether it is our convention or a total or larger measure of abolition of prerogative powers, the shrinking of the prerogative is and always has been a question of parliamentary determination. As we have seen yet again, the Executive on the whole will not want to let go of unfettered power; that is the way they are. The judiciary will tend to defer to them. I believe that it is squarely a matter for Parliament to find its voice and its confidence, and I hope that this report will help in achieving that. If not, dear Brutus, the fault will lie,
	"not in our stars, but in ourselves, that we are underlings".
	I beg to move.
	Moved, That this House takes note of the report of the Constitution Committee on Waging War: Parliament's Role and Responsibility (15th report, Session 2005—06, HL Paper 236) and the follow-up report (third report, Session 2006—07, HL Paper 51).—(Lord Holme of Cheltenham.)

Lord Judd: My Lords, it is a great pleasure to follow the noble Lord, Lord Holme. I say to him that there are few people for whom it is worth waiting more than it is worth waiting for him. The report is of such significance that it, too, was worth waiting for.
	I do not believe that I shall be alone in saying that I welcome the sensible recommendations in the report. They seem timely and self-evidently relevant. There are observations in the text of the report that are also important and worthy of serious consideration. I will focus for a moment on the reflections on the difference between war and armed conflict and the importance of care in terminology. I hope that my noble and learned friend Lord Falconer, when he replies, will agree with me on both these observations.
	As the noble Lord said, this is not an abstract or academic issue; it is an immediate and acute issue. He was right, and I was reassured to hear, that the issue has to be approached in the context not only of what was happening when the committee was deliberating but what is happening as we discuss the report this afternoon. There is bitter fighting in Iraq. Courageous men and women are serving on our behalf in Iraq and in Afghanistan. Deplorably large numbers of innocent civilians are being killed. All of this has immense implications not only for those countries but for the entire region and the world. Huge demands are being made on our armed services. All of us in both Houses are individually and collectively morally responsible for those who are serving on our behalf. It is therefore right to spend time reflecting on how we have acquired that responsibility, because we need to consider how a responsibility of this magnitude is shouldered in the future.
	There are some interesting quotations in the report. I was glad that evidence was forthcoming from people with distinguished service experience. I am sure that the House will forgive me if I emphasise a few parts of the report that made a particular impression on me. The noble and gallant Lord, Lord Boyce, put his position as follows:
	"all my experience over conducting or being involved with the conduct of several wars over the last five or six years or so is that those allies who go through the parliamentary process are frankly in my view not as operationally effective as those who do not ... I cannot see any advantage whatsoever in shedding the current practice of going to war from an operator's point of view. I believe it would make us operationally far less effective and we would probably start to lose".
	Coming from a former Chief of the Defence Staff, those words cannot be lightly dismissed. But, with the greatest respect, he does not reflect the reality of the age in which we live—the reality of instant communication, instant analysis and very well informed debate that inevitably takes place around a conflict of any significance.
	I turn to the words of General Sir Michael Rose, who said:
	"It would be enormously advantageous to members of the armed forces for such a formal and legal justification to be made by the government before entering into armed conflict. There can be no more debilitating effect on the morale of members of the armed forces [than] for them to know that their country does not support the mission or that the case for war is based on doubtful moral or legal arguments".
	Throughout the story of the Iraq conflict, the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Bramall, has given powerful leadership in our debates and discussions in this House. The report sums up his position as follows:
	"Field Marshal Lord Bramall considered that the Armed Forces would like to know three things before being committed to a large scale military operation: that they had the support of the country; that they had the support of Parliament and that what they had been asked to do was legal".
	It is important that we take seriously and sombrely the observations of people with that kind of military background.
	The report also contained interesting quotations from other significant people. I note that the words of my right honourable friend Gordon Brown were quoted in the report. He said:
	"Now that there has been a vote on these issues so clearly and in such controversial circumstances, I think it is unlikely that except in the most exceptional circumstances a government would choose not to have a vote in Parliament. I think Tony Blair would join me in saying that, having put this decision to Parliament, people would expect these kinds of decisions to go before Parliament".
	Indeed, what were the words of the Prime Minister? They are quoted as part of the Government's response to the report:
	"The Prime Minister made clear at the Liaison Committee on 7 February 2006 'The fact of the matter is that I cannot conceive of a situation in which a Government ... is going to go to war—except in circumstances where militarily for the security of the country it needs to act immediately—without a full parliamentary debate'".
	So I suggest to the noble Lord that there is room to take some heart about the possibilities.
	I want to dwell on one matter in my final minutes. There is a reference in the report to the United Nations. I am glad that it is there but, frankly, I wish that the report had said a bit more about it. In my early, formative years of political consciousness, the creation of the United Nations was a terribly important and significant step. I sometimes think that we forget that its foundations were laid not in 1945 but in 1942—in the most intense years of the war, when people were looking to what would be necessary to ensure peace and stability for the future of humanity.
	We argue that, whatever reforms take place in the United Nations, there can be no question of giving up our permanent seat on the Security Council. We were primary movers in the creation of the United Nations and leading experts among the draftsmen of the UN charter but, if we want this status in the global community, we have to show our commitment to living by what we have put our names to as essential for the stability of the world. That is set out right at the beginning in Article 1:
	"To maintain international peace and security, and to that end: to take effective collective measures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace, and for the suppression of acts of aggression or other breaches of the peace, and to bring about by peaceful means, and in conformity with the principles of justice and international law, adjustment or settlement of international disputes or situations which might lead to a breach of the peace".
	Discussing the nature of membership, the charter says:
	"All Members shall settle their international disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered ... All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes".
	Again on the subject of membership, Article 4 states:
	"Membership in the United Nations is open to all other peace-loving states which accept the obligations contained in the present Charter and, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to carry out these obligations".
	We stated what is required and then became founders of the organisation that makes these demands. It therefore seems self-evident that we have to be exemplary in our commitment.
	On the specific settlement of disputes, the charter says:
	"The parties to any dispute, the continuance of which is likely to endanger the maintenance of international peace and security, shall, first of all, seek a solution by negotiation, enquiry, mediation, conciliation, arbitration, judicial settlement, resort to regional agencies or arrangements, or other peaceful means of their own choice".
	The word "enquiry" stands out. Surely one anxiety at the time of the Iraq war was that the UN had embarked on exactly that course: its own inspectors were conducting an inquiry into the threat. There were those—I find myself in an unqualified position among them—who said that it was therefore ludicrous to suggest that we should move into action before the inspectors, who are referred to in, and endorsed by, the charter, had had time to report and before their report could be considered. Indeed, Article 34 repeats the point about investigation. I could go on quoting the charter, but it does not rule out force. It says that it has to be with the endorsement of the international community if need be.
	As a final observation, I take those legal and moral obligations to the UN as central to our approach on the need on any occasion to wage war. But it is not just a formal, legalistic requirement. Just as we need to have a strong national consensus behind our armed services when they are put into extremely demanding and difficult circumstances, so it is necessary when one is undertaking a war or military action with profound global implications, to ensure that one has built a sufficient global consensus for what is being undertaken. We have to have that in mind when talking about waging war, as well as the excellent recommendations put forward by the committee.

Baroness O'Cathain: My Lords, all the members of the Select Committee owe a sincere debt of gratitude to our chairman. The inquiry was such an utterly fascinating experience that the temptation to wander down side tracks was difficult to resist at times. The noble Lord, in an unfailingly calm and courteous manner, skilfully guided us back to the matters in hand.
	Perhaps it was because we had such a fascinating experience and a raft of truly stimulating and hugely well informed witnesses, some of whom have already been quoted by the noble Lord, Lord Judd, that I expected an appreciative and constructive response from the Government. The work programme was enormous and the quality of support from both our specialist adviser and the Committee Clerk was awesome. It seems that, other than giving a cursory nod in the direction of accepting that the issue is important, the Government have metaphorically thrown the report into the waste basket. I read and reread the Government's response—not an arduous task as, apart from a reiteration of the terms of reference of the Constitution Committee, there are 44 lines of type—and I am struck by its innate and inane superficiality.
	In my contribution to the debate, I will concentrate mainly on Chapter 3 of the report, which is headed, "Parliamentary involvement: The balance of argument". However, before doing so, I draw the attention of the House to the Government's response in paragraph 4, which makes it clear that the Government are not presently persuaded of the case for establishing a new convention determining the role of Parliament in the deployment of our Armed Forces. They state:
	"The existing legal and constitutional convention is that it must be the Government which takes the decision in accordance with its own assessment of the position. That is one of the key responsibilities for which it has been elected".
	Does that not smack of arrogance? In effect, the response could be described as, "We know best and do not intend to consult". There is not even a nod in the direction of considering one of our conclusions, in paragraph 100, to the effect that there is an anxiety to ensure as far as possible that the action to use military force in pursuit of policy,
	"is not only legal but legitimate and is seen to command the support of the nation as a whole".
	Another conclusion, in paragraph 103, states:
	"Parliament's ability to challenge the executive must be protected and strengthened. There is a need to set out more precisely the extent of the Government's deployment powers, and the role Parliament can—and should—play in their exercise".
	The statement in the Government response is:
	"That is one of the key responsibilities for which it"—
	the Government—
	"has been elected".
	That ignores totally the methods by which the Government discharge this responsibility.
	If we take this attitude to its logical conclusion, the Government need not consider any views on policy formation other than those discussed with a tight-knit group in a superficial manner on the sofa. Doubtless the Ministers involved would have had detailed advice and opinions from the defence staff. But are the Government so experienced in military matters and so aware of the structure, nature and ethos of our Armed Forces that they believe that they can arrive at the correct decision without debate or discussion in Parliament? There is no merit in holding as a virtue the ability,
	"to take decisions flexibly and quickly"—
	that is from paragraph 5 of the Government's response—if the decision-making is flawed, with no input from a Parliament that, let us not forget, represents the public. The tone of the whole response makes me smile wryly, bearing in mind that the Government keep asserting that the House of Lords has no legitimacy because it does not represent the people. The Government's response does not even nod in the direction of being representative of the people.
	The Select Committee report makes interesting yet easy reading, and I commend it to noble Lords. More than that, as we are rapidly moving to a situation where most Members of both Houses will have had no hands-on experience of the armed services, it is vital that we read and understand their role and objectives. The evidence of the giants of the defence staff is so important, and I am glad to see some of them here today. Their emphasis on morale is vital. The report should be on the required reading list of all in Parliament.
	Chapter 3, which is headed "Parliamentary involvement: The balance of argument", is the core of the report. The noble Lord, Lord Lester, whom I see in his place, considered it anomalous for the Crown to be able to exercise public powers without parliamentary authority on the basis of medieval notions of kingship and through Crown Ministers. The European situation was referred to, where the principle of law in most constitutions means that there has to be specific authorisation to exercise powers.
	Nobody needs reminding that going to war involves potential loss of life and serious national consequences. Surely such a decision should be discussed and approved by Parliament. My noble and learned friend Lord Mayhew said in evidence:
	"I do not think today that it is practicable to suppose that the public will be satisfied in terms of confidence in the commitment of our Armed Forces to what we might call an 'armed conflict' situation solely on the exercise of the prerogative by the Prime Minister".
	Too much power in very few hands—or even in one pair of hands—is not acceptable in any democracy. We pride ourselves on being a democratic country, but the accretion of power and its possession in fewer and fewer hands is both unhealthy and seriously worrying. As is pointed out in the report, the Government of the day control the House of Commons through parliamentary majorities, the finances of the nation, the use of Whips to manipulate business, the timetable of parliamentary business, plus the exercise of the royal prerogative. Paragraph 40 of the report says that,
	"it could be said that the ability of United Kingdom governments to use the royal prerogative power to engage in conflict is paradoxically less democratic than when the Monarch exercised the power personally".
	Can this be right?
	Managing dissemination of information is a tool of power, probably the most pernicious one. Time and time again we recognise that information is power, and there is a natural reluctance to relinquish any power as, obviously, power is finite and any power given away is a reduction in the power of the giver. That truth applies in every walk of life, and the Government are more aware of it than most. Where there is a perception—I emphasise "perception"—that a situation of unfettered power persists, it is imperative that there should be a robust system of accountability, otherwise the position becomes untenable, and is certainly undemocratic.
	The tendency to equate accountability with regular information updates seems to be growing, but that raises another problem. As the noble Lord, Lord Garden, said in evidence:
	"When we keep on saying Parliament is informed, we all know how Parliament is informed: we get a statement, if we are lucky we get it ten minutes before it is given and we debate it for under an hour. That does not seem to me to be a democratic process".
	The noble Lord is right. We might well ask what category of information is presented. Is it minimum, sufficient, complete or even—if anyone can define the word—reasonable?
	The more we consider this whole subject, the more we are likely to conclude that the current process leaves a lot to be desired. Using war-making powers is probably the most serious decision that any country has to take, for all the reasons already referred to and likely to be referred to in the debate. Yet listening to, questioning and reading the evidence with which we were presented gave me an uneasy feeling that the very manner in which decisions are taken leaves them fraught with much more risk than could necessarily be the case.
	On the basis of my experience—it is nothing at all to do with government or the Armed Forces—I truly believe that most large and even small corporate organisations engaged in business and commerce adopt a much more rigorous approach, consult more widely and have access to more varied expertise from a raft of advisers than appears to be involved in the exercise of the royal prerogative in the case of war-making powers. The case for post-deployment scrutiny was well made by my noble friend Lord King of Bridgwater when he was a witness. Again, I draw an analogy with the corporate sector, where most successful companies adopt a continuous post-audit programme.
	My observations in this debate have led me to just one conclusion: namely, that it is in the best interests of the country, our Armed Forces and our international relationships, and that there is more chance of the right decisions being taken, if Parliament is given a proper role in challenging the Executive in this most serious exercise of war-making powers.

The Lord Bishop of Ripon and Leeds: My Lords, I am grateful for the report and for the energy and effort that have gone into it. I am also grateful for the opportunity to explore the relationship between Parliament and what is in any circumstances the horrific decision to wage war, committing us to the deaths of our own citizens and of the fellow human beings with whom we engage. War is barbarous, and that needs to be borne in mind in the whole debate.
	As such, it can be justified only within the tight constraints that Christian ethics have come to call the "just war tradition". Among the requirements for a just war are a just cause, proportionality and a realistic anticipation of a just peace. Alongside those is the requirement for a just or legitimate authority. Since the 17th century wars of the European princedoms, it has been rightly argued that the individual ruler cannot be that legitimate authority. War is too destructive to be undertaken by any individual, however eminent, and that is why the use of the royal prerogative to wage war is outdated and inappropriate. The just authority in our own country is Parliament, and that needs to be expressed in the legislation governing the waging of war. For that reason, I still need some convincing that the convention route is the right one along which to go. I look forward to learning in this debate and subsequently about the different arguments in favour of the convention route over that of legislation, which seems on the face of it to be the more appropriate way to establish the authority of Parliament.
	In addition to the question of who can legitimately declare war, we now have the problem of defining war. In 1939, it was clear when this country and Germany were at peace and when they were at war. That is far less clear in our own generation and the danger of creeping war seems to me also to require that we have a much firmer parliamentary watch on the deployment of our Armed Forces.
	I fear that we live at a difficult moment in history. In our generation, there is increasing respect for human life, expressed, for example, in Pope John Paul II's simple cry before the 1991 Gulf hostilities, "Never again war". At the same time, there is the threat of ever scarcer resources of water and food. The dangers of climate change include greater violence over those scarcities, and it is interesting that in the Comprehensive Spending Review analysis the pressures on human resources and on water and food are seen as being among the key threats to prosperity and to the peace of the world. It is likely that in coming years we shall find ourselves being highly critical of the waging of war by others. If we take that attitude, as we may find ourselves rightly doing, we need to be very clear that our use of our Armed Forces, our own waging of war, is on a secure and legitimate basis.
	In a week that has seen scathing criticism of the Israeli Prime Minister over the waging of war in Lebanon, it is crucial that we work for parliamentary safeguards over the waging of war and the deployment of troops with violent intent. There will certainly need to be much work on details about emergency situations, the safety of troops and cases where there is a genuine need for pre-emption in self-defence. Those details would need to be worked out as we continue to develop the right way forward in response to this report. All of that needs to be done in the context of a clear principle that war should be engaged in only with the overwhelming consent of the people of our country, and that consent needs to be expressed through debate and decision in Parliament.

Lord Bramall: My Lords, I, too, support the Constitution Committee's conclusions, which advocate the constitutional involvement of Parliament in any national decision to wage war overseas. I use the term "war" in its established and generally recognised sense, which has legal connotations nationally and internationally. War generally and usually embraces a conflict between states with a clearly defined enemy and sizeable forces operating in accordance with a clear political aim and towards a planned, successful—one hopes—and, as the right reverend Prelate the Bishop of Ripon and Leeds said, just conclusion. With or without a formal declaration, the term should cover any expeditionary-type operations into the territory of another state. Today the terminology has become confused by those who, for whatever reason, coined the phrase "war on terror". Whatever we should do to contain and reduce the threats from international terrorism—and there is much we can do, sometimes involving military forces in one form or another—it is not war in the accepted sense and in the sense covered by the committee's report any more than is a war on crime or a war on drugs, both phrases not infrequently used.
	It has to be hoped that war has never been entered into lightly by this country, except, perhaps, in the era of Lord Palmerston, the pugilist. In Her Majesty Queen Victoria's day, the royal prerogative may have meant what it implies, with the Queen imposing some restraint on the Executive or perhaps, if General Gordon was getting into trouble in Khartoum, advising in the reverse direction. But today, as is well known, given the way that our democracy has developed, the responsibility for deciding whether the country goes to war lies squarely with the Prime Minister, however much he may sensibly keep Parliament informed.
	In the past, it was said—by George Clemenceau, I think—that war was too serious a business to leave to military men. The report implies—I entirely agree—that today, waging war is too complicated, sensitive and serious, politically and legally, nationally and internationally, and with the increased power of the media, to be left exclusively to the whims, vision and personal ambition of one politician, however well intentioned.
	I say that not so much as a personal criticism but because the character of war has changed so radically that, except under very precise circumstances, the moral, economic and public-opinion pressures and constraints have made interstate wars for advanced nations virtually no longer an instrument of sound rational government policy. So getting involved in them deserves, even more than it used to, the most careful checks and balances. War invariably creates more problems than it solves, especially if it cannot be brought to a successful conclusion in a very short, definable period.
	There are obvious exceptions which are more just. I recall the various definitions of a just war. They include self-defence; the defence of sovereign territories, individual or grouped in specific defence organisations; the recovery and repossession of such territories illegally occupied by another power; or any operations specifically authorised by the Security Council or under a UN mandate. In such operations, and in any other case that the Executive consider appropriate and in the national interest, it can no longer be sufficient for a presidential-style prime minister who can call on all the wiles, Whips and devices of a majority party leader, votes of confidence and the manipulative release of information and intelligence merely to keep Parliament informed, so that it cannot threaten his decision-making.
	If such a decision is to be truly in the national interest with the country manifestly behind it, approval on the deployment of British forces outside the UK for actual or potential armed conflict amounting to war must, I suggest, be given by Parliament and no one else. That need not involve compromising intelligence sources. Under no circumstances must parliamentary approval be allowed to enter the tactical field: deciding on and endorsing the forces to be used and how they should be employed, which is entirely a matter under the war Cabinet for the chiefs of staff and chain of command. However, in seeking parliamentary approval, the Government should, as the report concludes, show the deployment's political objectives, the legal basis of the deployment and subsequent conflict, if that becomes necessary, and the anticipated duration of both the operation and consolidation phases.
	For instance, in the Falklands War, which falls into the category I mentioned, Parliament would have had no difficulty in approving the sailing of the task force to the south Atlantic to project our commitment and power and the use of force to repossess the islands, if that proved necessary. Nor in the first Gulf War would Parliament have had any difficulty in approving the co-operation of British forces with the Americans and other allies to kick Saddam Hussein out of the illegally occupied Kuwait using whatever force became necessary.
	If, as the report concludes, a government resolution seeking approval is laid before Parliament with clarity—which is at the essence of any successful planning and execution, and its absence is at the heart of any failure—and honesty, Parliament, on its mettle, should have no difficulty in acting quickly, responsibly and in the national interest. If there is confusion about aims and legality, and a Prime Minister cannot make a convincing case to Parliament, it may judge it not to be in the national interest to proceed any further.
	One of the problems with Iraq was that so many different aims—at least five, to my mind—were at one time or another being flaunted, discarded or picked up again, depending on the type of presentation or what the audience demanded at the time. It was so easy to get the impression that the country was being misled. Yet, with the Prime Minister in the driving seat, with all the machinery for control and manipulation behind him, Parliament was convinced and gave approval to the decision which the Prime Minister sought. With that approval went immediately the openness of popular backing and some sort of legal basis—at least, the law of the land, if not necessarily international law. But, had the basis and the scope of the operation been put to Parliament with sufficient clarity, it might have come to a very different conclusion.
	To require parliamentary approval before any deployment leading to an operation can get under way may be a little more time consuming, which is not necessarily a problem with large-scale operations, and it may run some risks. But it could prevent the Government of this country making fools of themselves, whereas full parliamentary authority would ensure that the country was manifestly behind any operation and that it had a sound legal basis, both of which are greatly beneficial to the morale, commitment, effectiveness and protection of the Armed Forces taking part.
	Nothing in what I have said is intended to imply that the world is getting any less dangerous or more stable or that the Armed Forces will not be required in some form in a variety of tasks to back up and reinforce our diplomacy. Some of it may be required at very short notice and involve clandestine operations, with surprise all-important if the aim is to be achieved. The release of prisoners and hostages, and the Sierra Leone operation are excellent examples.
	Clearly, the so-called royal prerogative that gives the Executive the right to deploy forces without parliamentary approval, which would be informed subsequently, is still required for operations of limited size where urgency and surprise are essential. This could be constitutionally linked to the deployment of Special Forces and, perhaps, the Royal Marines, rather like the American president's powers are restricted to the deployment, without Congress's approval, of the Marine Corps.
	Of course, it will have to be carefully worked out exactly how parliamentary approval is to be sought, on what terms, whether it would be under a statute or a convention and what machinery Parliament would use to consider the request. But the principle that war on a significant scale should be a matter for Parliament, not for the unfettered or today's scarcely fettered Executive, is very important. I hope that your Lordships' House will consider it with favour and be prepared to endorse the report.

Lord Mayhew of Twysden: My Lords, I am very glad that, when following the noble and gallant Lord, I can agree with him so very extensively. If I were a member of the Select Committee, I should be rather offended by the Government's dismissal—for that, in essence, is what it is—of my report. Eight paragraphs, covering one and a half pages, are a pretty cursory response to the committee's inquiry, which, as the noble Lord, Lord Holme, reminded us, is the product of 18 months' cogitation of evidence taken from November 2005 to July 2006 and recorded in some 240 pages. Nor would I be greatly mollified to read in the response that my report,
	"is a significant contribution to the public debate",
	although that is more than can be said for the Government's response, which is devoid of any argument worthy of the name.
	If I were a member of the Select Committee, I would regard my report as having dealt seriously and fairly with a matter of the gravest constitutional importance, and as having topicality. Yet the response concludes with this sentence, as we have already been reminded:
	"The Government will of course continue to listen to views about the deployment of the armed forces and keeps its policies under review".
	That formula suggests to the seasoned eye that it was selected with satisfaction from the office file of reach-me-down brush-offs. The committee, the Armed Forces and the public deserve better than that.
	Today, our Armed Forces face dangers that are at once more brutal and more subtle than they have had to face even in the recent past. In Northern Ireland, for example, terrorists of either colour took good and only occasionally insufficient care not to blow themselves up in the course of their attacks. Our present suicidal opponents are even more difficult to forestall, and they do not face the fear of being prosecuted for making mistakes in the course of their duty, as our military do. Thank heavens, as we all recognise, our Armed Forces are well led and accept these dangers with a phlegm that we all enormously admire. However, it is correspondingly incumbent on us to give them the quiet minds that will come from reassurance about two things: first, as the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Inge, has said on more than one occasion, that the country is behind them; and, secondly, that what they are tasked with is lawful.
	I am convinced that the services need to know that the country is behind them. They need to know this just as much when warlike operations are in preparation as they do when they are in progress, and perhaps even more so, because they have more time to think about these matters when they are in preparation. We now owe them the assurance that, save in the utmost of sudden emergencies, if they are to be ordered into war or serious armed conflict—the distinction that the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Bramall, makes between the two needs very careful examination and resolution—this can no longer simply be at the behest of a presidential Prime Minister wielding the prerogative power. In contemporary political language, they deserve evidence of greater legitimacy than that, and such evidence can come only from Parliament. They can have no better means of knowing that, in their language, the country is behind them. It is no longer enough to say, as the Prime Minister says in effect in the report, "Oh, but we would always seek to take Parliament with us anyway. Not to do so would be unimaginable". In recent years, too many things that were previously unimaginable have happened to our constitution for that to reassure. Mr Gordon Brown at least seems to recognise this. As we have already been reminded in this debate, the report cites him, at paragraph 87, as apparently leaning towards a further restriction of executive power in the context of Parliament's role in declaring peace or war.
	To go back to the Government's response, it asserts but hardly argues their disagreement with all this. After citing the Prime Minister, the response merely states at paragraph 4:
	"The Government is not presently persuaded of the case for going beyond that to establishing a new convention determining the role of Parliament in the deployment of the armed forces".
	Notwithstanding the insertion of "presently" into that formula, the Government's tone is one of, "Don't ring us, we'll ring you". That is not worthy of the hour. The committee has set out a considered argument for a parliamentary convention—not a statute with all the legalism to which that could give rise—determining the role Parliament should play in making decisions to deploy forces outside the UK to war, or to the risk that they will be engaged in it.
	I support this. I like the four characteristics of such a convention set out at the end of the report, but if they are too stark for Ministers, I would have hoped that they might have reacted favourably to, or at least mentioned, a variant also noticed in the report. This was for a convention which would make it the duty of government to seek the prior approval of Parliament, probably the House of Commons advised by this House, in respect of any proposed deployment of UK Armed Forces overseas which for the purposes of the convention the House of Commons itself would have identified. So you would have a general rule which the Commons could tap into in a proper case, but not one that had to be of universal application. I find this attractive, which is why I proposed it.
	Lastly, as to lawfulness, the second matter about which the forces need to be reassured, parliamentary authority will not of itself guarantee lawfulness, but at least it will not have been given without the Government having had to assert and justify their claim that what they propose will be lawful. They will have had to expose the character of their legal advice and it is unlikely, to say the least, that any Parliament will commit itself and our Armed Forces to action that it knows to be unlawful.
	The further examination of these matters will deserve less dismissive contributions from the Government. If only under the leadership of Mr Gordon Brown, I hope that we shall get them.

Lord Lester of Herne Hill: My Lords, it is valuable for a parliamentary Select Committee to examine the constitutional implications of public Bills and to keep the operation of the constitution under review. The committee's report on Parliament's role and responsibility for waging war, introduced so clearly by its chairman, my noble friend Lord Holme of Cheltenham, contains a valuable analysis of the origins, nature and evolution of the royal prerogative and of the arguments for and against increasing parliamentary involvement in its operation. Perhaps I may say that my noble friend has a long and distinguished record in promoting necessary constitutional reforms, democracy and the rule of law.
	Other noble Lords speaking in the debate on war powers are much better equipped to do so than a National Service officer who served during the inglorious Suez fiasco. I shall therefore deal largely with wider matters. I have a broad interest in the subject matter of this report because of my Constitutional Reform (Prerogative Powers and Civil Service etc.) Bill to place prerogative powers, including war powers as one example, under Parliament rather than the sovereign. The committee's report noted my evidence in which I submitted that a key concern is one of constitutional principle: that Parliament should be the source of government power, not the Crown. The key question I suggested is this: should it be Parliament that is sovereign and to whom the Executive are constitutionally accountable, or should it be the monarch? I submitted that it is anomalous for the Crown to be able to exercise public powers without parliamentary authority on the basis of medieval notions of kingship and other Crown Ministers.
	I should correct something my noble friend said at the outset: I did not and do not suggest the abolition of prerogative powers. I submit that Parliament, rather than the sovereign, should be their source and that the exercise of those powers should ensure parliamentary oversight and accountability. It is a profound misunderstanding to suppose that I and other likeminded reformers seek to abolish the prerogative. As I say, we seek to place it under proper parliamentary control, as happens in other democracies. The report noted considerable support for this view from other witnesses, and the committee reached this important conclusion, part of which my noble friend quoted. It stated that,
	"the exercise of the Royal Prerogative by the Government to deploy armed force overseas is outdated and should not be allowed to continue as the basis for legitimate war-making in our 21st century democracy. Parliament's ability to challenge the executive must be protected and strengthened. There is a need to set out more precisely the extent of the Government's deployment powers, and the role Parliament can—and should—play in their exercise".
	Everyone who has spoken so far has agreed with that conclusion.
	The committee's conclusion is important and welcome, although I wish the committee had adopted wider terms of reference, like the Public Administration Committee of the other place, to examine parliamentary control of prerogative powers generally, not only the war powers. The treaty-making powers and the powers in relation to the Civil Service are of greater day-to-day importance than the happily rare use of the power to wage war and make peace.
	My other regret is that the committee decided to reject the evidence from witnesses including myself—and, by implication, the recommendation of the Commons Public Administration Committee—about the need for a legislative scheme, preferring instead the weaker option of a constitutional convention. The committee explained that it saw,
	"no merit in legislative architecture which creates the possibility of judicial review of Government decisions over matters of democratic executive responsibility. In addition, the need to provide for 'emergency' exceptions would create loopholes that could be readily exploited by a future administration with ambitions less benign than those to which we are accustomed".
	I beg to differ, and I was glad to hear the speech of the right reverend Prelate the Bishop of Ripon and Leeds on that matter.
	A statute along the lines of my Private Member's Bill—which was not analysed by the committee—would not give rise to the possibility of judicial review of government decisions over matters of democratic executive responsibility, and I cannot understand how the committee could have reached that conclusion. If my Bill did that, it would be quite wrong; the last thing I sought to do was produce a Bill that fell into the trap of undue legalism. Like the guarantees of judicial independence and the rule of law contained in the Constitutional Reform Act, for which the noble and learned Lord the Lord Chancellor should take credit, my Bill or similar Bills would create a statutory duty, but one that would be unlikely to give rise to judicial review proceedings unless the Government were to act in breach of the core obligation to consult Parliament.
	The second objection made by the committee, that the need to provide for emergency situations would create loopholes that could readily be accepted by future Governments, is also, with respect, unpersuasive. It would be much more difficult for a future Government to flout or misuse a statutory exception for emergencies than a mere soft constitutional convention of the kind proposed by the committee. The constitutional convention proposed by the committee contained an emergency exception, as did my Private Member's Bill, the Bill drafted by the Public Administration Committee and several other Private Members' Bills introduced in the other place.
	While I disagree with the committee over the form of reform in this area, I do not disagree over the basic substance. As the committee concluded, the essential elements must be that Government should seek parliamentary approval for military action; provide Parliament with details of any proposed action, including its objectives, legal basis, likely duration, size, and so on; be able, in circumstances of emergency, to take action before consulting Parliament, provided that they come back to Parliament to give an account as soon as possible; and keep Parliament informed of the progress of any military action. Those seem elementary principles in any modern working democracy.
	There is fundamental agreement on the content of this approach from my party, the Public Administration Committee, Members in the other place and Her Majesty's Opposition. The Chancellor of the Exchequer, the right honourable Gordon Brown MP, has, as has been said, indicated his support for reform. In an interview with Andrew Marr on "Sunday AM" in January this year, he said that perhaps we should legitimise the role of Parliament in questions of peace and war in the constitution itself. He continued:
	"I cannot conceive of a situation other than an extreme emergency where Parliament would not wish to, and should not, have a role to play in this".
	The committee cannot be criticised for being radical in its approach. On the contrary. The dismissive way in which the Government have responded to this exceedingly modest proposal is characterised by this modest committee as "inadequate". The noble and learned Lord, Lord Mayhew of Twysden, expressed the matter in more robust terms with which I entirely agree. I find the way in which the Government have failed to respond objectionable. As the committee rightly points out, a cross-party consensus appears to be emerging that the current arrangements are unsustainable.
	The Government continue to rejoice in a situation under current arrangements in which power is delightful and absolute power is absolutely delightful. Let us hope that a future Administration place the prerogatives under Parliament so that executive powers are exercised subject to Parliament rather than the monarch. The Chancellor of the Exchequer and the Leader of the Opposition agree with my party about the need for reform by statute.
	It is a misfortune that on this issue, the noble and learned Lord the Lord Chancellor opposes sensible constitutional reform. He does not normally remind me of another Lord Chancellor, Lord Halsbury, but on this occasion I am afraid that he does. Let us hope that glasnost comes soon.

Lord Craig of Radley: My Lords, this issue has been brought sharply into focus because of the commitment of our forces in 2003 into a coalition invasion of Iraq. In the distinction drawn by the inquiry, this was involvement in a "war of choice". I sense that the concentration of the committee and many who gave evidence to it has been, excessively, on this particular example: an outright pre-emptive assault on a sovereign nation with no clearly controlled exit strategy—a most unusual event, I hope, for the United Kingdom. It is worth looking at other examples to help in forming a view.
	I considered two wars of choice of which I had close experience. In the Falklands conflict, I was Vice-Chief of Air Staff, involved in staffing air aspects of the operation and attending chiefs of staff meetings to represent my chief when, on occasion, he was not available to attend. My second war of choice was the first Gulf conflict, when I was Chief of the Defence Staff and a member of the War Cabinet.
	I am not as confident about timely parliamentary approval as my noble and gallant friend Lord Bramall was a moment ago, but some issues about both events had great importance months, if not years, before the actual involvement of forces. Von Clausewitz maintained that,
	"war is the continuation of politics by other means".
	The political and foreign policy decisions taken by successive Governments set the scene for the Argentinian invasion of the Falklands in 1982. For example, Governments were unwilling to build a major airfield which would have made an assault on the island a far riskier operation for the Argentinians, apart from demonstrating the Government's commitment to protecting the inhabitants. It would have been far more cost-effective to have built Mount Pleasant airfield beforehand rather than having to do so after the conflict and after considerable loss of life, equipment and treasure. The Shackleton committee of the day strongly recommended construction of an airfield.
	Against that background, Parliament sat on 3 April 1982 to debate the crisis and to be informed of the forthcoming deployment of forces that had already been put in hand. While it was clearly an emergency situation, there was no immediate prospect of hostilities. If the proposed convention had been in place, this could have been an opportunity for Parliament to be asked to agree to a deployment. How would it have reacted? In the circumstances, it was a matter of moral commitment as much as confidence in the outcome, if it came to conflict in the south Atlantic, that guided the Government. With the benefit of hindsight, it was indeed a close-run thing, which in no way detracts from the superlative efforts of all involved.
	We should also remember that through the long days and weeks before we reached the Falklands, strenuous efforts were being made on the diplomatic front. Who can forget the shuttle diplomacy of the American Secretary of State, Al Haig? With the convention approach, it might have been reasonable for Parliament to have taken the view that diplomacy should be given its head before we embarked on the hazardous voyage south, although the Government would surely have pointed out that the massive deployment showed our determination—important in trying to persuade the Argentinian Government to withdraw without a fight.
	The views of the doubters about the validity of such an operation—8,000 miles away in the far southern ocean; 4,000 miles between the Falklands and Ascension Island, which had the nearest airfield that we could use; appalling weather; an opposed landing, with three, four or more to one manpower advantage for the Argentinians—might have led to a different conclusion about going ahead, and a less satisfactory outcome would have been achieved.
	In the first Gulf War, once again there was an immediate defensive reaction with fighter aircraft and the positioning of naval vessels, and months of diplomacy. A later deployment of ground and offensive air forces had to be massively increased when it was realised that the diplomatic efforts were not going to work and that offensive action would be required. As in the Falklands, the strategic mission was clear—to boot the Iraqis out of Kuwait and deplete the strength of their Republican Guard formations to ensure that they would not form a renewed threat to Kuwait when we and coalition allies withdrew.
	However, I can recall pointing out to Ministers that the preferred operational manoeuvre, following the initial air assault, would be a left hook through Iraq. This would be the optimum way to achieve the stated objective. But we would be invading Iraq to do so—something, Suez apart, that we had not done for a very long time and was not, I think, totally consistent with the United Nations charter. How would a convention-prescribed Parliament have reacted? The emergency deployment of defensive forces to protect, with its agreement, Saudi Arabia would have probably had overwhelming support. So, too, would the many diplomatic moves in hand. But would it have been so straightforward to deal with the two significant increases in our commitment of forces? The first was as much to put further political pressure on Saddam Hussein but it was not deemed by the US theatre commander, General Schwarzkopf, to be adequate to achieve military success, so a further coalition effort, including a British brigade and other forces, was dispatched. Some might call this mission creep.
	The Government spent much time with Statements and so forth to advise Parliament and the country what was afoot. But if parliamentarians had been invited by the Government to approve two further enhancements, building up from an initially defensive posture, through threat of action, to a determination to mount attacks into Iraq itself by air and ground forces, the timing of our deployments could have been delayed, as they nearly were because of the Conservative leadership crisis that overlapped with the Cabinet decision about the further increase in our commitment.
	Unlike the latest conflict in Iraq, when the decision to attack Iraq—if not its announcement—had been taken some time before hostilities began, my two examples underline the parallel running of diplomacy to settle the problem without conflict, and the truism of von Clausewitz's dictum. Of course, there were also diplomatic efforts ahead of the second invasion of Iraq. But the specific issue of regime change and all that that meant in the aftermath of initial hostilities in order to reach that objective, added a further complication which was not present in my earlier examples. Indeed, in the first Gulf War, we were committed to leaving Iraq and only a residual force in theatre once the objectives were met.
	In deliberation about a convention, the complexities and interweaving strands of foreign and defence policy, and the continuous impact of the one on the other, have yet to be fully explored. Nor has much thought been given to the issue of being part of a coalition and the grand strategy of the Government which may underpin their intention to deploy.
	One other aspect of the convention may also have to be considered; whether the obverse of deploying forces for operations overseas—their withdrawal—would be a matter for Parliament to direct even against the wishes of the Government of the day. I cite that as a further complication. We saw a telling example of that only last week when Congress decided that it wanted US forces withdrawn from Iraq. It would seem illogical for those who support the convention of parliamentary approval for initial deployment overseas or later increases to them not to seek a responsibility to require a Government to bring home forces that Parliament felt were no longer serving the national interest.
	The Armed Forces are structured around the concepts of command and duty. It is in their nature to accept direction and to respond to executive authority, clearly stated and unambiguous. Parliament, as remarked on by a number of witnesses to the inquiry, does not have executive powers, and to bring it into the decision-making process could risk damaging the clarity of the message that the forces must receive and expect.
	Little thought has so far been given to what I might call the law of unintended consequences if a convention were adopted. What about clarity if there is only a small majority in Parliament or even a hung Parliament? What effect would the inevitable media briefings, comment and political spin in the run-up to a convention decision have on the forces themselves? Their role is to respond to executive authority, not to the mixed views of a parliamentary debate. What if Parliament rejected deployment? Would the PM resign? He has no power of veto as does the President of the United States. We would be seen to abandon our coalition allies at a critical moment, our foreign policy in tatters. We would be lampooned around the world for a loss of nerve and a full blown political and national crisis would erupt. Therefore, I am fully behind the Government stance and hope, on further reflection, that Opposition parties will be as well. I reject the convention approach in this case as inappropriate.

Lord Norton of Louth: My Lords, I join others in congratulating the Constitution Committee on producing an extremely important and timely report.
	I accept the principle underpinning the report. The Executive rests on the confidence of Parliament—it derives its legitimacy from Parliament—and it must be accountable to Parliament for its actions. I accept that Parliament's ability to challenge the Executive must be, to use the words of the committee at paragraph 103, "protected and strengthened".
	However, the committee has missed, or rather failed to focus on, what I consider to be core to achieving that. The committee has, quite justifiably, addressed the issue in terms of the current debate. That debate has focused on strengthening Parliament through statute, hence the various Private Members' Bills cited in the report, or through developing a constitutional convention. This debate misses the fundamental nature of the problem. The problem is not one of statutory powers or developing constitutional conventions. One has only to put the debate in comparative context to appreciate that.
	The US Congress is vested with significant powers. The war-making power is vested in Congress, not in the president. The president does not rely on the confidence of Congress. It can challenge him without jeopardising its own existence in office. It can seek to use the power of the purse or it can legislate to constrain the president. It did precisely that in 1973 when it enacted the War Powers Act.
	One can contrast that position with that of Parliament. The war-making power in the United Kingdom is a prerogative power. It can be employed without reference to Parliament. On the face of it, Congress and Parliament can be argued to be at opposite ends of the spectrum: Congress is powerful, Parliament is weak. In practice, the difference between the two to affect executive decisions to commit troops to combat is not particularly great. The war-making power, as Professor Warbrick notes in Appendix 4 of the report, is an obsolescent power. Some scholars have seen the War Powers Act as enhancing presidential authority, through formally recognising in statute the power of the president to commit troops to action. It has not proved a significant check on the president in committing forces abroad. Congress has not been a notable constraint on the president in recent years. Norman Ornstein and Thomas Mann in an article in the journal Foreign Affairs at the end of last year, contend that:
	"In the past six years... congressional oversight of the executive across a range of policies, but especially on foreign and national security policy, has virtually collapsed".
	Even now, with a Democrat-controlled Congress, problems remain.
	The argument that there is little difference between Congress and Parliament in their capacities to constrain the Executive in committing forces abroad is well made in an article in the latest issue of Public Law by David Jenkins of Aberdeen University. As he argues:
	"Neither the constitution's 'declare war' clause itself, nor the War Powers Act, have effectively hedged the President's increasingly unilateral power to commit the United States to armed conflict, a power that substantially resembles the Crown's war prerogative".
	The president's power as commander-in-chief can be seen to confer on the president not dissimilar powers to those conferred on the Prime Minister by the prerogative in this country. An American president, when determined, can commit troops just as can a determined British Prime Minister. The problem is not one of formal capacity to constrain government. There is certainly something lacking, but it is not formal powers. Why does a determined president get his way? Because Congress lacks the information and the political will to challenge him. Why do a determined Government get their way in this country? Because Parliament lacks the information and the political will to challenge them.
	One only has to look at what has happened in respect of Iraq. The House of Commons voted on the issue—and I accept that, on issues of going to war, it should be the House of Commons that votes. It voted on the basis of information provided by the Executive. Would it have voted differently had it had the information that we now have? We cannot know for certain. We do not need to know for the purpose of my argument. The problem was not one of the mechanism for parliamentary approval. If there had been a statutory requirement for a vote, or a convention to that effect, it would not have affected the outcome. The problem was one of incomplete information. Even with far greater resources at its disposal than Parliament, Congress faces a similar problem.
	The committee touches on this in its report in its discussion of whether there is a need for independent legal advice for Parliament and for a Joint Committee on the Armed Forces, but it does not get to the heart of it. That discussion merits expansion. We need to consider how Parliament can be better informed for the purpose of assessing whether the Government are justified in committing troops to war. It may be a difficult, if not a near impossible, task, for fairly obvious reasons; but, if Parliament is not furnished with the information necessary to make an informed judgment, the Executive will get their way. Parliament does not have the basis on which to challenge them.
	Information is a necessary but not sufficient condition for strengthening Parliament's ability to challenge the Executive. One also needs the political will. That applies as much to Congress as to Parliament. If members are not prepared to challenge the Executive, especially when furnished with the information necessary to make a judgment, then again the formal powers are rendered nugatory and the Executive get their way. One cannot do anything in a formal or mechanistic way to generate political will. Popular pressure may help engender a more critical stance, but that will be limited if there is incomplete information. It is also limited once forces are committed and troops are in action. However, what may help Members think more critically is access to the information that has prompted or forced the Government to act.
	Governments are strengthened if they take Parliament into their confidence. In the 20th century, Parliament was, perhaps paradoxically, at its strongest during the Second World War. The Government were extremely powerful in executing the war, but they relied on the cross-party support of Parliament. Governments that are confident in their reasons for committing forces to action should be willing to share their knowledge with Parliament. However, that willingness should not be assumed. We therefore need to address ways in which Parliament can help itself to make informed judgments on a government decision to commit forces to action. Is it through a joint committee, through strengthening the resources of existing Select Committees in the other place or through other routes? These are the questions we need to be addressing and addressing quickly. If we come up with answers, we then need the political will to deliver. They will not deliver of their own accord or as a result of government munificence.
	On the issues raised by the report, I would draw attention to the fact that conventions are not made; they develop and they rest on the willingness of those at whom they are directed to abide by them. A convention may develop along the lines favoured by the committee and, in any event, it is not clear that a Government could necessarily prevent a vote taking place, certainly not without the support of the Opposition or opposition parties. However, holding a vote on the basis of incomplete information is not a means of strengthening Parliament. It is likely to legitimise the Government, because, as I have said, Parliament is dependent on the information provided by Government. Hence my contention that we need to address the need for a better informed Parliament. That, to my mind, is the fundamental issue.
	Talking of incomplete information brings me to the Government's response to the committee's report. I have little to add to what the committee has said in its follow-up report or to the comments made already this afternoon. The stance that has been taken by the Government largely beggars belief. Ministers knew that the report would be debated, yet produced a document that fails completely to engage with the report. The response did not appear for three months, but could have been written in 10 minutes. In the reply to this debate, we are entitled to expect the noble and learned Lord the Lord Chancellor to explain why it took so long to produce what for all intents and purposes is a non-response. We are also entitled to expect from him a proper engagement with the committee's report. The relationship between Parliament and Government at time of war or conflict is crucial to the health of our polity. It is crucial that the Government recognise that and are prepared to take Parliament into their confidence. Acknowledging that fact will be a start, but only a start. We as a Parliament have a lot more to do.

Lord Parekh: My Lords, I begin by thanking the noble Lord, Lord Holme of Cheltenham, and his colleagues on the Constitution Committee for this excellent report. It is timely, closely argued, politically balanced and backed up by an impressive body of views from experts in the field. The Government's response is disappointing, not so much because it rejects the recommendations of the report but because it does so on grounds that I find completely unconvincing.
	The Government's response rests on two grounds. First, it says, no Government would ever dream of going to war without a parliamentary debate. Fine—so why not make it clear and accept a binding convention? Secondly, the point is not about parliamentary debate or support but about parliamentary approval prior to the action. It is also important to bear in mind, in response to the Government's first argument, that the debate could be held at a time when Parliament may have no choice but to approve what has already happened.
	The Government's second argument is that the ability to take decisions using prerogative powers,
	"is an important cornerstone of our democracy".
	That, I am afraid, is a half-truth. First, the use of prerogative powers has been constitutionally regulated over the centuries. That has been the process of our political evolution. I see no reason why the process of historical restriction and regulation of prerogative powers should stop now. Secondly, this Government, to their credit, have either loosened up or broken quite a few cornerstones in the 10 years in which they have been in power.
	I remember very clearly the debate on devolution. Before that, the noble Baroness, Lady Thatcher, and many others in the Conservative Party argued that a unified or unitary constitution of our state was the cornerstone of our democracy. Parliamentary sovereignty was important and devolution was going to create "anti-parliaments" in Scotland and Wales. We have got rid of that—and at that time no question was raised about the cornerstone of democracy being shaken by accepting the policy of devolution.
	The third reason why I find that argument specious has to do with the fact that I should have thought that parliamentary sovereignty was also the cornerstone of our democracy. That requires that the power to declare armed hostility or war should be accountable to and approved of by Parliament.
	As I am puzzled by the Government's reasons, and even more puzzled that the Constitution Committee's tightly argued report has not been persuasive to the Government, I should like to have another go at it and try to reinforce some of the report's conclusions by advancing a different set of arguments and, in some cases, going a little further than the report does.
	I should have thought that if democracy means anything at all, it certainly requires that people should be involved in taking decisions affecting their lives—and wars certainly do that. By wars, I mean not only declarations of war but conflicts involving engagement or deployment of armed forces outside the territory of the United Kingdom. All wars take lives, make the country more vulnerable than before, and involve huge expenditure of scarce resources. They are also fought in the name of the people of the country, and people have a right to be satisfied that what is done in their name is acceptable to them—and that they are prepared to accept moral responsibility for the decisions taken by the Executive. If wars or armed hostilities were to be ill conceived or unwise, they would diminish all of us individually as well as collectively; induce a sense of shame or guilt, as the war in Iraq has done; and affect the quality of our lives. It is therefore a matter of absolute urgency and importance that, in any democratic society, decisions involving wars or armed hostilities must be taken by the representatives of the people.
	If we accept the conclusion of the report—that Parliament should authorise the declaration of war or engagement of armed hostility—then there are many good reasons why that should happen. I have already talked about the principle of democratic legitimacy, but I could give many other reasons as well. Parliament would have the opportunity to examine the political case for the war and to decide whether the case had been well made. It would also have the opportunity to examine the legality of the war and to say whether it was legal. Parliamentary debate prior to the engagement of hostilities would ensure that any secret commitments made by the Executive on behalf of the country would come out into the open and be carefully discussed. It would give the chiefs of staff the confidence that the decision had the support of the country at large and would contribute to strengthening the morale of our forces. No less importantly, it would reassure the country and the families of those who die in wars that their lives were not lost in vain.
	When I talk about parliamentary authority I have in mind not just the House of Commons but also the House of Lords. Even after careful thought I do not understand why armed hostilities should be authorised only by the other place and not by your Lordships' House. I give three good reasons why I find that argument unconvincing. First, your Lordships' House is a constitutional part of Parliament and has the appropriate legal and constitutional authority. After all, no measure becomes law unless it is passed by both Houses of Parliament. Therefore, I cannot see why the declaration of hostilities should be an exception.
	Secondly, the fact that the composition of the House of Lords is disputed does not detract from the fact that it is part of our constitutional architecture. However it is composed, it has constitutional authority of almost equal magnitude to that of the Commons. If your Lordships' House were to be elected, that might increase its legitimacy but I do not see how it could increase its authority.
	Thirdly, in our country people speak—I mentioned their approving what is done in their name—in two different voices: the House of Commons, where Members represent their various constituencies, and your Lordships' House. It is important to bear in mind that your Lordships' House has an enormously proud record of maintaining civil liberties, which is an important tradition of our country. It is very striking that in this respect the other place was found wanting. Your Lordships' House was widely acclaimed and applauded for speaking in the name of, and on behalf of, the country at large.
	For those and other reasons I strongly urge that the report be modified and that the approval of not just the other place but your Lordships' House should be taken into account. I am tempted to go a little further. If one has a bare majority in favour of the initiation of armed hostilities, it is sometimes asked what kind of messages that sends out. Are we prepared to commit our troops and risk their lives on the basis of 51 per cent of Members voting for this or that action in either of the two Houses? In that situation, half the Members of both Houses would be against initiating hostilities, which would send out different messages. I do not want to push my point further, but I have argued it in my academic writings and perhaps I should do so in political platforms such as this. It might not be a bad idea to explore the possibility, as some countries are doing, of insisting that a declaration of war and armed hostilities should command at least a two-thirds majority of the legislature of the country concerned. To commit and endanger people's lives without that is extremely dangerous.
	The report goes through the various reasons why people might raise objections to its recommendation for a constitutional convention. It successfully answers almost all those objections, including those raised by the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig of Radley. Responding to an emergency in self-defence is easily covered. People say that if parliamentary authorisation is required there is a danger of media pressure. However, media pressure takes place everywhere all the time, and in many cases is to be welcomed rather than resented or resisted. We are told that parliamentary authorisation opens up the possibility of judicial review. The evidence of the noble Lord, Lord Lester of Herne Hill, was very striking in that regard; namely, that judicial review comes into play only when a Prime Minister is stupid enough to declare war while disregarding the Act. In such situations judicial review has much to be said for it.
	It was said just now that parliamentary authorisation was likely to politicise the Armed Forces. On the contrary, I should have thought that it would put the issue beyond party politics because it was likely to enjoy cross-party support. As for operational security, I think it is already recognised that we are talking about approving a decision to go to war, not micro-management of how the war should be conducted.
	I shall discuss briefly the final question that is raised—whether parliamentary authorisation should be a matter of statute or convention. I can see arguments for both but I have a mild preference for statute. If you have a convention, you risk two or three dangers arising. Conventions are not necessarily binding and can be circumvented by all manner of means. There is also the danger that a convention would not necessarily reassure the country. In the aftermath of what has happened in Iraq and elsewhere, one of the most important political questions in a democracy is to find ways of reassuring the country at large that when armed hostilities are engaged in they are carefully thought through. I do not think we fully appreciate how much the legitimacy of our democracy is undermined by this ill-conceived act of war. It is therefore important that rather than simply thinking in terms of a constitutional convention we should rather think in terms of a binding statute.
	I urge the Government to bear in mind that there is already a momentum for a great historical change. For all kinds of reasons different political parties and currents of thought in our country are beginning to converge on broadly what the Constitution Committee recommended. I very much hope that the Government, whose record in these matters has been excellent so far, will seize the opportunity and accept the recommendations of the Constitution Committee with some of the qualifications that I introduced.

Lord Garden: My Lords, I congratulate my noble friend Lord Holme of Cheltenham and the members of the Constitution Committee on their report. It is a pleasure to read an analysis of such clarity which distils the weighty, comprehensive and complex evidence in such an easily understood manner. However, as some other noble Lords have said, when I got to the end I was somewhat disappointed that we ended up with a convention rather than a statutory basis.
	I was one of the committee's many witnesses giving my thoughts from the perspective of a former military officer and from having spent the past 11 years as a defence academic. Having read the report and other witnesses' evidence, and in the light of subsequent events during the past 18 months in Iraq and Afghanistan, my view has not changed. I shall not go through all the evidence that I gave to the committee as it is in the report. However, my views can be summarised as a belief that the use of military force is a unique kind of authority. The state authorises some of its citizens, members of the Armed Forces, to use lethal force. It also expects these soldiers, sailors and airmen to be prepared to be killed in the service of the state. Before such authority is given, it seems to me self-evident that there must be democratic legitimacy and accountability and that Parliament must be the source of that democratic approval. I say as an aside to the noble Lord, Lord Parekh, that until your Lordships' House is an elected Chamber, our appropriate role is to inform the other place, which makes the decision. However, that will change when we are an elected Chamber.
	This need for parliamentary approval was true in the past when, once upon a time, we fought wars of necessity which concerned the protection of our people and the defence of our sovereignty. Today the need is even greater. We have entered an era that is characterised by wars of choice. There is no urgent, direct, state-based threat to the United Kingdom that motivates our decision to send troops to the Balkans, to Sierra Leone, to East Timor, to Iraq or to Afghanistan. Also, we have a responsibility to weigh up the importance of playing an appropriate and proportionate international role as a force for good, against the very real limitations on the ability of our military to conduct simultaneous operations. We say "yes" to Afghanistan but "no" to Lebanon; we say "yes" to Sierra Leone but "no" to Rwanda. These are wars of choice. Having made the choice, young people aged 18 and upwards are put in harm's way and are authorised to kill other young people if necessary.
	I do not argue, nor would we from these Benches, that such operations are not needed. They will continue to be needed and, as the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Bramall, said, in this chaotic and unjust world they are likely to be needed more than ever. The question is whether the decision should be taken, as now, under the royal prerogative—in effect by a single person, the Prime Minister—or whether, in a democracy, it should be taken by the elected representatives of the nation. I am delighted that the report moves us firmly towards the latter.
	As I said in my evidence to the committee, that must be the default position in any democracy. From that position, one then looks at the problems and limitations that may be necessary to make it work. That is not an impossible problem. I must admit that, like the noble Lord, Lord Judd, I was worried on reading some of the evidence from those who opposed such a change. In particular, I was struck by the remarks made by my former colleague, the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Boyce, who said that he believed,
	"that going through Parliament for approval for deployment will compromise military success in every circumstance".
	I fundamentally disagree with that assessment. Recent events have suggested to me that those who make the grand strategic decisions, which are what we are talking about, might make better informed ones if they were to be exposed to proper scrutiny by Parliament.
	The noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig, was right to draw us away from the Iraq 2003 event on which many have focused. He looked at the Falklands and the first Gulf War. At the time of the evidence-taking session, I used the then-prospective increase in deployments to Afghanistan as an example of where we ought to apply that principle. In the light of subsequent events over the past year, I strongly believe that a proper debate over the move into the south and the east of the country, the strategic aims, the resources—both our own and those of our allies—the expected timelines, the co-ordination between nations and the co-ordination between departments would have been very helpful. We might all have gone in with the same plans instead of different plans. It perhaps would have prevented a somewhat hesitant and uncertain start. It might have taken longer, which is one of the worries that noble Lords have talked about. The Dutch had a difficult time taking their decision, but they came to it, they are there and they are doing the operation. It is not always a question of whether it is just a "go" or "no go" decision. The process itself means that you have a better chance of ending up with a coherent strategy where everyone knows what the country is trying to achieve and how it is going to do it.
	In summary, I am broadly content with the report, because it moves us forward towards democratic control. I would have preferred a stronger approach than a convention, but it is a start. I was also absolutely astonished by the cursory response from the Government to what is a very serious report about a very serious subject. Among the areas that still need to be addressed is the question of thresholds for further parliamentary authorisation. Parliament must not micromanage troops at the tactical level, but it must have input to significant force level changes, up or down. In the sorts of operations that we are talking about, it needs to have a regular review of sustained operations, perhaps annually, where parliamentary authority has to be renewed and progress is looked at to see whether the strategy has changed. That is particularly apposite, four years to the day after President Bush declared, "Mission accomplished" in Iraq. To pick up the point made by the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig, that would be the occasion to look at possible draw-downs, if they were necessary, which are as important as force increases.
	However, despite those caveats, I wish the report well. I hope that it will be one of the new Prime Minister's surprises on taking office to remove the royal prerogative. The country needs it, but so do the Armed Forces, who are sent to do the nation's difficult and dangerous work.

The Earl of Sandwich: My Lords, I was also privileged to serve on the committee and took a particular interest in this inquiry because of the effect of the prerogative on the conduct of our foreign affairs. I congratulate our chairman, the noble Lord, Lord Holme, on finally achieving this debate. We had an impressive array of witnesses and, with expert help, we produced a report of more than 300 pages which includes solid original evidence.
	As our chairman said, the Government's response was on a single sheet so thin that you could see through it, although it stated that the paper contained 75 per cent fibre content. There was no fibre in that response; it said nothing of any value. How appropriate that our chairman dismissed it as "woolly" as well as "temporising", "tardy" and "inadequate".
	To be fair to the noble and learned Lord the Lord Chancellor, the responsible Minister, he did apologise in October for the "extended delay", but it was especially disappointing on such an important subject. As one of the key witnesses, he had already given the Government's position, which may be summarised in two sentences. The prerogative is vested in the Executive, who must have the power to deploy troops in difficult and fast-moving circumstances; and they do. The Executive are fully accountable to Parliament, and the Government cannot go to war without the support of Parliament. This is where this debate comes in. This Government genuinely believe that they are already consulting Parliament through debates, Statements and Questions, and that they are adequately held to account through Select Committees. Most of us accept that there has been a degree of consultation and scrutiny, but from Parliament's point of view that process is too informal and is at the whim of the Government. It is not statutory, and it lacks structure. In particular cases it may have proved satisfactory, but in practice it is constitutionally inadequate.
	Parliament's ability to challenge the Executive must be strengthened, especially in regard to deployment. The Armed Forces need not ultimately worry about this too much because under the royal prerogative no Government would ever give up emergency powers. We therefore suggest there must be some limited form of convention to ensure that future Governments and Parliaments are mutually aware of and bound by some quasi-legal procedure. That was well stated in paragraphs 85 to 93 and in our conclusion in paragraph 108. We were fortunate to have the advice of two former Attorneys-General who were sympathetic to the idea of a flexible convention, while recognising, as we all did, and as evidence from the Armed Forces had plainly shown, that there must ultimately be no restraint on the power to deploy. The noble Baroness, Lady O'Cathain, has already quoted the noble and learned Lord, Lord Mayhew, on this, and I fully agree with her points on accountability.
	Gordon Brown's position, so far as I have understood it, may be a fraction closer to ours in that he has accepted an evolutionary role for Parliament, which implies a desire to stand back and review the constitutional position without the need for legislation. It was unfortunate that we were not able to hear Mr Brown's evidence directly.
	We have not gone down the path of recommending a special Select Committee as some of our witnesses were urging us to do. The Select Committee procedure is in itself a pillar of the constitution, and we do not want more committees. I still wonder, however, whether the present Select Committees, while they do an excellent job of scrutiny on particular themes, might not in a crisis be strengthened by seconding members to an ad hoc committee with access to intelligence, similar to the quadripartite Select Committee. My only criticism of our report is that it did not spell out how Parliament could be better consulted. This may be because of the evidence of Professor Sir Lawrence Freedman, who was an adviser to the Defence Committee during the Falklands war. At question 127, page 72, he said:
	"What the Committee was able to do was provide first a platform for people to grumble and complain but then, as time went on, it was able to bring a degree of realism from both sides to the discussion, by which time, of course, the conflict was well over".
	More seriously, I take the important points made by the noble Lord, Lord Norton, on the lack of information and the difficulty of fully involving any Select Committee in the process.
	To some extent, things have moved on with the publication of this report, which the Government should regard as a landmark in itself, because of the careful interpretation of policy that lies in the evidence as well as in the conclusions. However, none of us is convinced by the Government's attitude so far, judging from last year's response and occasional Answers to Questions in the House. I hope that the Minister can be more forthcoming this afternoon.
	I found helpful, as did the noble Lord, Lord Garden, the evidence we heard on the Dutch Parliament regarding the war in Afghanistan. The war gradually grew in importance while we were taking evidence because of our deployment of additional forces there. Article 96 of the Netherlands constitution states that its Parliament must give prior approval unless consultation proves impossible. Article 100 states that the Government must inform the States-General of any deployment, including the provision of humanitarian aid. As a result, Dutch MPs were able to challenge the proposal to deploy Dutch troops to NATO-ISAF in December 2005, which was approved only in February 2006. That was two months' delay, to which some objected as operationally disadvantageous; but in my opinion military critics would disapprove of any such delay. These were ISAF troops and there was no compelling reason for their deployment, since they did not form part of Operation Enduring Freedom, and that was precisely why the MPs were interested. They wanted to know exactly what their troops were undertaking.
	In Britain, by contrast, a significant new deployment of more than 1,300 troops was announced and we had Statements and Questions, but there was no contract with Parliament such as we ultimately had before the Iraq war. It was a blatant use of the prerogative and parliamentarians were not properly consulted. It showed a lack of respect for our constitutional arrangements, which to my mind can be met only with a more formal convention. I must emphasise that this would not be a straitjacket, but a statement of the role of Parliament.
	The British public have not been consulted adequately on Afghanistan. As my noble and gallant friend Lord Bramall said, there were different aims in Iraq and the same is true of Afghanistan. The public still think that we are fighting a war for reconstruction and development, and there is some ambiguity about the role of NATO, which is engaged in Operation Silicon in the mountains of Helmand, in contrast to the peacekeeping work of ISAF further north. That is precisely what Parliament should be debating before these major decisions are taken.
	That is why I wholeheartedly support our committee's proposal, which is backed up by eminent witnesses with considerable combined experience, including military historians and representatives from our Armed Forces—not all of whom agree, as we know. My noble and gallant friend Lord Bramall will not mind if I quote his evidence from page 64. In an interesting summary, he said that,
	"if Parliament supports the action, which it did in Iraq, the Armed Forces can take heart that constitutionally the country supports it".
	But I repeat what he also said—that this does not mean that parliamentary approval should ever extend to tactical decisions; the committee was unanimous on that.
	I hope that the noble and learned Lord the Lord Chancellor will therefore consider this report a little more seriously today than before, and I hope that he will accept that, whatever the good intentions of the Government, the example of Afghanistan should cause them to reflect a little more deeply than they have hitherto.

Lord Goodlad: My Lords, I, too, had the privilege of serving on the committee and I join my noble friend Lady O'Cathain in paying a warm tribute to our chairman, the noble Lord, Lord Holme of Cheltenham, who led us through an extremely complicated series of shoals, dealt with an enormous number of expert witnesses and documents, and steered us to conclusions that have been warmly welcomed on almost all sides of the House.
	I entered into the committee's proceedings on this investigation complacent in the belief that, in the Government's words,
	"adequate mechanisms for intense parliamentary scrutiny of executive action are already in place".
	Throughout our history, there have always been questions, debates, Select Committees and so on during, and usually before, times of conflict. I was also concerned by the practical difficulties of seeking parliamentary sanction for action during times of emergency, when use of the strategic deterrent might have been contemplated, when reconnaissance and covert operations were considered—as in Sierra Leone—and because of the difficulties inherent in giving the enemy a potentially lethal advantage over our service people by signalling specific military intentions in advance. Such problems were described by the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Boyce, and other witnesses. Those concerns remain and any future convention agreed to by the Government and Parliament must take them into account.
	The committee's arguments for parliamentary involvement have been eloquently rehearsed, notably by the noble Lord, Lord Holme, as well as by my noble friend Lady O'Cathain, the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Bramall, my noble and learned friend Lord Mayhew and others—I shall not repeat them all. The recommendations in paragraph 110 that parliamentary approval for military action should be preceded by the laying of a resolution, including objectives, the legal basis of the action and its likely duration and scale—retrospectively, if necessary—should not be too controversial in principle. In fact, they were, in effect, endorsed by Jack Straw, the Leader of the other place.
	The fourth recommendation in paragraph 110, that the Government should as a matter of course keep Parliament informed of the progress of such deployments and, if their nature or objectives alter significantly, should seek a renewal of the approval, is more difficult. Arguably in Iraq, and certainly in Afghanistan, we have seen what is known as "mission creep". In Helmand in Afghanistan, we are approaching the nature of an army of occupation, and Parliament has not reacted in the Division Lobbies. During that time, the attitudes of our allies have also changed substantially and they are, as we see in the United States and NATO, continuing to change.
	So is the onus on Parliament—by which, in effect, we mean the opposition parties—to exercise scrutiny and activate such scrutiny, or should the onus be on the Government, who control the parliamentary timetable, to make the necessary arrangements? I believe that we must seek consensus on this and similar points.
	I agree with other members of the committee that Parliament should mean both Houses of Parliament, but I strongly believe that primacy should remain with the Commons, even, or perhaps particularly, if there is an elected element in your Lordships' House in the future. The likelihood of the two Houses voting in opposite directions is sufficiently high for it to be necessary beyond peradventure to be understood that the primacy is in the House of Commons.
	There is, I believe, a growing consensus behind the proposals in the Select Committee report, as evidenced by our deliberations today. I, in common with other members of the Select Committee, saw more dangers in legislation than advantages, and I believe that a convention is more consistent with the practicalities of the way in which we run our constitution than the statutory authority recommended by the noble Lord, Lord Lester.
	As has been noted, in January last year Gordon Brown said that,
	"a case now exists for a further restriction of executive power and a detailed consideration of the role of Parliament in the declaration of peace and war".
	David Cameron has also stated that,
	"the time has come to look at those powers exercised by Ministers",
	under the royal prerogative. He said:
	"Giving Parliament a greater role in the exercise of these powers would be an important and tangible way of making Government more accountable".
	Jack Straw, the Leader of the other place, said:
	"the parliamentary votes on military action against Iraq not only showed Parliament at its best, but also set a clear precedent for the future".
	The vote on Iraq was indeed a precedent, but the scope of that precedent is far from wholly clear. There have been votes on many occasions in the past. As the Government's response to the committee report says, Parliament has at its disposal a range of methods of scrutinising the Government—questions, debates, Motions, votes and so on. There is a natural tendency by all parliamentarians not to wish to rock the boat when British service people are in action. No one wishes to damage morale or give comfort to the enemy by exposing divisions at home. I therefore think that it is incumbent on the Government to take the initiative in organising what I would describe as "reviewing" debates, rather than leave it to the Opposition.
	In my view, there is now a widespread wish to establish a convention or, if a convention already exists, as is inherent in what Jack Straw said, to agree its scope. My noble friend Lord Norton said that you cannot establish a convention; it has to grow organically. I agree with that but, if a convention is half-formed, there comes a time when it has to be codified by agreement among all those concerned. That codification must meet the aspirations and responsibilities of Parliament in a way that does not prejudice national security or put our service people at any greater risk.
	The Government have expressed their intention to keep the matter under review. Perhaps the time has now come—there is no ideal time and I suppose that we are likely to be engaged in conflicts for a very long time to come—for a committee similar to that which sat under the chairmanship of the noble Lord, Lord Cunningham, on the conventions governing your Lordships' House and the other place, to chart a way forward in this area, taking into account the considerations rehearsed in the committee's report and those emphasised by your Lordships today from all sides of the House.

Lord Luce: My Lords, I am very glad to follow the noble Lord, Lord Goodlad, who was a member of the Select Committee. In my view, the committee produced a sensible, pragmatic report with a good British evolutionary approach to the issue of executive powers in the deployment of our Armed Forces. In principle, I find myself in full support of finding ways of ensuring that Parliament has a stronger role in scrutiny. Therefore, I think that all the report's recommendations should be taken seriously and moved forward but that we should proceed with care and caution.
	Of course, as has been pointed out by, for example, my noble and gallant friend Lord Craig, our debate today and the report are rather coloured by the events of Iraq. Of course, since the Second World War there has been a wide range of very different conflicts: from Korea to Suez, to Kuwait—even in 1961, when we had to deploy forces there to prevent an invasion by General Qasim—to a later Kuwait invasion, to Iraq and to the Falklands, of which I have some experience. They are balanced by operations of a more peacekeeping nature in places such as the Lebanon, the Balkans and Sierra Leone. All that points to the fact that conflicts take place in very different circumstances, and they need to be handled by Governments in different ways and with a flexible approach.
	We need to take into account two major factors. First, before we commit our Armed Forces to the danger of losing their lives, there is a need for the nation to be united behind them. It is not just the case that it should be a just war but the servicemen should know that the majority of the nation supports them. After the Falklands conflict, I was struck by how many servicemen told me that the unity of the nation behind what they were trying to do mattered enormously to them. That was in sharp contrast to Suez, when I happened to be a national serviceman, and, more recently, to Iraq. A lack of unity puts our forces in an exceedingly difficult situation.
	In my view, all that adds to the argument for the need for the Government of the day to carry Parliament and the nation with them. They need to disclose to Parliament the maximum possible amount of information, consistent with security considerations, in order to mobilise support for action. As my noble and gallant friend Lord Bramall stressed, in these circumstances, the onus is on the Government to demonstrate their clarity of purpose and objectives in going into a conflict and the overall reasons for deployment, rather than micromanagement in operational matters. A well informed Parliament can help to sharpen the Government's aims and objectives. It is in the Executive's interests to carry Parliament as best they can.
	However, that aim has to be reconciled with one or two other factors. First, there is the type of conflict. Reference is made in the report to conflicts of necessity—self-defence. My experience was of the Falklands. That invasion, as we all know, was sudden and unexpected, and it required an immediate response. The decision had to be taken to recover those islands before Parliament could meet the next day—on the Saturday—to debate those issues. On that occasion it mattered less because, by and large, there was unity in Parliament behind the Government in the decision to recover the islands.
	You may have another set of circumstances—you almost certainly will—when the Government, in making their case to Parliament, will, in the interests of security, have to withhold certain information, intelligence and so on. That means that often Parliament at that time will not be in a position to make a complete judgment on the Government's decision. That can come only later, with experience.
	I shall recall to the House an experience of mine before I joined the noble Lord, Lord Carrington, in resigning from the Foreign Office, where I was a Minister of State, to demonstrate carrying the responsibility for the disastrous catastrophe that took place in the Falklands. Two weeks before the invasion, there was an incident in South Georgia, which produced a dangerous situation. We needed to try to settle the dispute in South Georgia peacefully and diplomatically. But throughout the period in which we tried to do that, Parliament—understandably, I suppose I should say—was demanding statements of what we were going to do and what deployment of forces there would be in the south Atlantic. As a result of that pressure, the situation became more and more tense. That is an example of Parliament getting too involved in issues to do with tactical considerations and deployment.
	Secondly, there was public speculation in Parliament and in the press that nuclear-powered submarines had been sent to the south Atlantic. If Galtieri was considering invasion, the very news of that speculation would have urged or pressed him to bring the invasion forward. I use that experience to demonstrate that there are real dangers at that stage—just before a conflict, and even when it begins—in disclosing certain information.
	It all boils down to the system and thoroughness of accountability of the Executive to Parliament. Governments have to decide and take their decisions, but in doing so they must realise that they face an effective system of accountability and that it is in their interests to carry Parliament with them. Surely Iraq and Suez should be a warning to any Prime Minister to act with care and restraint and to know that he must carry Parliament with him; he must be aware that appropriate Select Committees will be monitoring all the time and that there will be scrutiny not only before deployment but during and after deployment.
	Something that has not been mentioned is that, after every major conflict, there should be an independent inquiry that reports to Parliament. The Franks inquiry on the Falklands did that job very effectively. No one could have been more independent than Lord Franks. It is important for the nation and it is important for Parliament to have that prospect of debating the experience of a conflict.
	I find that I agree with paragraph 63 of the report, in particular, which says that,
	"too strict a template for action should not be imposed on government".
	Indeed, there was mention of Professor Freedman, but he expressed the view that,
	"it would be unwise to create a very strict framework, although he recognised that any government which did not take Parliament into its confidence as much as possible could well pay for it".
	We must recognise that circumstances vary and that there has to be flexibility, but we must strengthen the ability of Parliament to scrutinise government decisions at every stage.

Lord Smith of Clifton: My Lords, I am grateful, as the whole House will be, to my noble friend Lord Holme of Cheltenham for introducing this debate on the report of the Select Committee of which he is the distinguished chairman. The noble Lord brings a wealth of constitutional expertise to the committee's deliberations, and his very skilful and wise orchestration of our events is appreciated by all my committee colleagues. His consummately delivered opening speech bears testimony to his many qualities.
	The report, Waging War, deals with one of the most significant issues, as many noble Lords have said, of the past decade or more. The past 17 years, according to Ministry of Defence information, have seen the deployment in more than 16 engagements of British Armed Forces. Most of these deployments have been relatively minor excursions, but some, notably Iraq and Afghanistan, have been significant undertakings. Both continue to be major commitments.
	No one, including the Select Committee, argues that the Government should not take swift action in the case of an emergency that threatens the national security of the UK. It does not need the archaic and anachronistic doctrine of the royal prerogative to justify such rapid action. All nations have a prime duty to protect their citizens; that is beyond dispute.
	Much more debatable is whether the royal prerogative should continue to be deployed by Governments in deciding either to initiate or join in conflicts overseas. The contemporary context of military operations, as many noble Lords have said, differs from the past in two major respects: first, in respect of the nature of modern warfare, as the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Bramall, noted, and, secondly, in respect of modern liberal democracy, as many noble Lords have argued.
	As regards modern warfare, the report distinguishes between the wars of necessity and wars of choice. Iraq, and to a slightly lesser extent, perhaps, Afghanistan, are pre-eminent examples of the latter category. Such wars, as the report states, should not be embarked upon without the prior approval of Parliament—effectively, the House of Commons. Almost all liberal democracies have such a provision, and it is high time that a provision should be made for the United Kingdom to adopt such a constitutional protocol. It cannot be acceptable for the noble and learned Lord the Lord Chancellor to assert before the committee that,
	"The present arrangements, we believe, serve the country well. We would be unwise to change them".
	That was after a long and excruciating rigmarole of obfuscatory, legislative discourse that begged many questions, and persuaded no one. It is an art form that the noble and learned Lord acquired and developed rapidly when he was the Minister responsible for the ill fated Millennium Dome. It is a desperate rhetorical expedient that inevitably fails to carry conviction.
	Such an attempt at a rearguard action in defence of the exercise of the royal prerogative is no longer tenable, particularly in light of the developments in contemporary democracy. Iraq is the catalyst. As the situation worsens day by day, so public opinion both in the United States and in the United Kingdom finds the continuing allied intervention and occupation increasingly unacceptable. Both houses of the United States Congress have voted in favour of a specific withdrawal date for American troops and withholding future funds to finance operations beyond that date. The United States has the great advantage of a written constitution, providing for a fully delineated separation of powers which enables such legislative oversight and control of the Executive. By contrast, the UK's position is far weaker. It may be, as the noble Lord, Lord Norton of Louth, said, that Congress's powers have, de facto, been diluted. In fact, however, the symbolic act of Congress meant that there was a cathartic release in the United States which is not possible in this country. Therefore, no matter how truncated their powers may in effect become, Congress serves a useful role as an escape valve as well as constraining the presidency in its future actions.
	Precisely because of Iraq, I predict, as other noble Lords have done, that provision for prior parliamentary approval for military deployments overseas—emergencies excepted, either by a new convention or statute—will come about in the near future. We must renew our constitutional arrangements in the light of recent and ongoing experience. Popular opinion will countenance nothing less. If trust is to be restored between government and the electorate—Iraq is a major reason for the breakdown of trust—prior approval provision must be introduced. It will come about, as many other noble Lords have said, sooner rather than later; the portents are favourable. When Mr Gordon Brown becomes Prime Minister, he will have to live up to his earlier expressed views in support of the proposal. As many noble Lords have said, Mr David Cameron has also stated his support for such provision.
	To be successful, appropriate renewal of our Government's arrangements must be informed by prior democratic imagination. That faculty seems largely to have escaped commercial lawyers, to judge from the positions taken by both the noble and learned Lord the Lord Chancellor and the noble and learned Lord the Attorney-General before the committee. By contrast, how your Lordships continue to miss the wise constitutional perspective of the late Leader of the House, Lord Williams of Mostyn. Mr Gordon Brown and Mr David Cameron, as aspirants to the office of Prime Minister, really have no alternative, given the present state of public opinion, but to cultivate and give full rein to their democratic imaginations. This report will have helped to inform them.

Viscount Bledisloe: My Lords, I join many others in sincerely thanking our chairman, for both the clarity of his opening and the courtesy, charm and great knowledge with which he has conducted our affairs. I also join many others in expressing my view that the Government's response, which is less than a single page if you remove the formal preliminaries, is not merely inadequate but also a gross discourtesy to our witnesses, advisers and the members of our committee who spent many days considering this vital topic. I hope that I can be brief, both because I am sure that almost everything has now been said and, with the sole exception of my noble and gallant friend Lord Craig, not a single voice disagreed with the committee that there needed to be parliamentary control over this decision, albeit that there have been some differences as to how one will achieve that and the precise nuts and bolts required.
	Quite apart from its inadequacy, there are two basic flaws in the Government's response. First, it invokes the need to take war-making decisions "flexibly and quickly". No one doubts that there could be cases where there is a need for instant action, and our report expressly recognises this, but they are now rare and can be governed by special procedure. The theoretical need for such speed, or the rarer cases where secrecy is needed, cannot override the proper control of going to war in normal circumstances. Secondly, the Government rely on the fact that there has recently been debate—debate only, save on one occasion when there was a vote—and questions by which Parliament can "review and investigate" what has already been done.
	However, there is a vast difference between Parliament deciding whether or not we should go to war in advance and it merely considering in retrospect whether we should have done so. Once the die has been cast, it may be practically difficult to disengage. Once you have invaded a country, it is not easy just to say, "Oh, I'm sorry; I now find from Parliament that I should not have come. I am getting up and going away". The country in question might have something to say about that and, indeed, might attack you as you do so. Secondly, many would not have voted in advance to go to war but would be reluctant to force our country into the humiliation of having to withdraw ignominiously, saying, "I am sorry; we have made a mistake". A vast number of people will back our Armed Forces once they are there, even though they would have much preferred they had never gone. Thus an ability to hold the Minister to account after the event is no substitute for parliamentary approval in advance.
	The Prime Minister has said:
	"I cannot conceive of a situation in which a Government ... is going to go to war ... without a full parliamentary debate"—
	save, obviously, where immediate action is essential. If so, as the noble Lord, Lord Parekh, asked, why on earth not have a convention embodying this, fleshing out the boundaries and rules? In parenthesis and in deference to the semantic objection of the noble Lord, Lord Norton, to the use of the word "convention", it may be that you can only have a convention by growth but you can certainly have a parliamentary practice by the decision of both Houses that the Government shall not go to war without a vote. Flatly, I use "convention" to cover that.
	There is considerable need to flesh out such a convention, as this debate has made clear. First, we do not have wars nowadays; we have apparently not had a war since we attacked Siam in 1942. It is therefore difficult to say precisely what is envisaged as needing parliamentary control. In particular, what about massive escalation? Say you send one regiment, and the situation suddenly deteriorates and a whole division is needed: when do you need a further decision? To take a point of the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig, he would probably not need parliamentary approval to put General Gordon on the boat to Khartoum, even nowadays, but it certainly should and would need parliamentary approval to send Kitchener and an entire army to rescue him.
	The Government's response asserts, without evidence, that going to war is a decision they must take, as,
	"one of the key responsibilities for which it has been elected".
	Of course, it is for the Government to take the initiative of proposing war. Nobody is suggesting that Parliament can suddenly tell the Government to go to war when the Government do not want to. However, the electorate does not want the Government to make the final decision without a vote of Parliament. Certainly, many of our witnesses took the view that that was not what the electorate wanted. I do not know—we have no evidence—on what the Government base their assertion that it is a key responsibility which they and they alone have been elected to perform. But if we are to acquire parliamentary authorisation for war-making, it is necessary to think out carefully how this is to be done and what are the basic rules.
	The report rightly and decisively rejects the concept of statutory control. It does so for various reasons, the two most important of which are, first, the virtual impossibility of precise definitions of the circumstances in which parliamentary approval is needed and so forth; and, secondly, the real danger of bringing the courts into the matter and enabling people to challenge the legality of what is being done. For my part, I do not regard that as a remote possibility. Someone may say that the authorisation is not valid—perhaps someone in the invaded country who says, "You've injured me. You weren't entitled to come and do so because you hadn't been through the procedure your Parliament set"—and it would be an actionable wrong. The possibilities of litigation are considerable and therefore we were right in coming down firmly in favour of a parliamentary convention.
	To draft such a convention would undoubtedly require considerable care and skill; for example, in indicating the kind of deployment that would require a parliamentary vote. However, as the convention cannot give rise to court proceedings, it does not have to be detailed or precise in legislation. It would undoubtedly be possible to devise a formula which governed most situations, and in rare borderline instances Parliament could decide which side of the line it fell.
	The members of the committee, the majority of those who have spoken today and I think that a convention is the right method. If the Government foolishly remain adamantly in favour of the status quo, there must be a grave risk that those who find that unacceptable will be driven to legislation.
	I want to deal with three points mentioned by the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig of Radley. First, he doubts whether Parliament would have backed the Falklands War or the first Gulf War. I do not know, although I find that a surprising proposition, but if it would not have wanted the country to enter into those conflicts, so be it. Secondly, he talked about the difficulties created by the parallel running of diplomacy and war preparation. I do not see what difficulty is created in that by having to gain parliamentary approval. Of course, if Parliament gives approval while the forces are on their way, say, to the Falklands or Iraq and the other side suddenly says, "I see what I have done. I shouldn't have been here. I'll withdraw from Kuwait"—or from the Falklands—or if it says, "Yes, I'll let the arms inspectors look at everything and I'll destroy anything I have", the forces can turn around whether they have parliamentary approval or not.
	Thirdly, the noble and gallant Lord asked whether parliamentary approval would be needed for withdrawal. Surely, it would be needed only if the withdrawal involved abandoning the entire purpose for which one went there, rather than merely because we had won or the situation was largely in control and fewer forces were required. The noble and gallant Lord said that we would be lampooned if we did that. I thought that we were being lampooned now and that a large part of the world would be pleased and congratulate us if we withdrew. But in fact that point will not arise. The reason one can go to war without parliamentary sanction is that the funds are there, but as the war goes on and a new budget and a new vote are required, if Parliament wants the forces to withdraw, it can severely cut the military budget so that the military has no choice but to withdraw.

Lord Maclennan of Rogart: My Lords, many who have participated in the preparation of the report have spoken directly of their appreciation of the chairmanship of my noble friend Lord Holme of Cheltenham, who opened the debate with such clarity and economy. I join them and others who have congratulated him on the manner in which he steered the report to a subtle and important conclusion. I profoundly hope that it will inform the thinking of the Government when they undertake what the noble and learned Lord the Lord Chancellor has described as the continuing review to which this issue is to be subjected. I have known my noble friend Lord Holme in a number of circumstances, although I have not had the pleasure of sitting at his feet in this committee. His role in promoting constitutional reform and the rule of law is probably unrivalled in this House.
	The core message in the report and of today's debate is that, however appropriate the governing of the decisions on war or peace and whatever their manner and their constitutional foundation, the process is not suitable for today. The report spoke of an historical anomaly and warned against replacing it by a political anomaly. Consequently, the measured and extremely informed contributions to the debate make it exceptionally helpful to those who will have to bring forward proposals to meet what I perceive to be the public wish that their representatives in Parliament should decide whether to commit troops overseas to the unique task of taking life on our behalf.
	The quality of the debate and its multidimensional nature were nowhere more strongly demonstrated than in the contribution of the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Bramall, whose experience and responsibilities make it appropriate that we should give considerable weight to his perceptions. He dealt with the practical impact of parliamentary approval of the decision-making required of political leaders, the Prime Minister and those responsible for our Armed Forces, which was particularly helpful. He said that in most circumstances the time factor would not be a constraint and that nowadays most armed conflict is heralded in advance by the diplomatic exchanges and the build-up of force. We were warned—again, with the benefit of experience—by the noble Lord, Lord Luce, that the timing could be awkward, as it had been in the case of the Falklands invasion. However, he did not support the view that Parliament should be excluded from the decision-making. He simply advised that detailed information that might be necessary for the security of the troops and the effectiveness of the operation should not be revealed at too early a stage. That view will have commanded widespread support.
	The quality of the exchanges raised sharply the question of why the Government's reply to this report was so dismissive. The noble and learned Lord, Lord Mayhew, and the noble Baroness, Lady O'Cathain, spoke of the tardy and threadbare nature of the single-page response. The noble Earl, Lord Sandwich, said that it lacks fibre. It is appropriate that these Benches ask the noble and learned Lord the Lord Chancellor to say in his winding-up speech whether he shares the view expressed by the noble Lord, Lord Holme, in opening this debate. The words of Mr Gordon Brown were quoted a number of times. In April 2005, he said:
	"I think it is unlikely that except in the most exceptional circumstances a government would choose not to have a vote in Parliament",
	and in January 2006, he made a similar remark. Does the noble and learned Lord think that that is indeed a portent of a serious reconsideration of the line of argument so summarily put forward last autumn?
	It is not enough to say that the Government are not presently persuaded of the force of the argument as the evidence summarises it. The argument is important and needs to be addressed. We owe nothing less to our troops, whom we are deploying, at great risk to themselves, in Iraq and Afghanistan today and who will, no doubt, be deployed in a number of other situations of armed conflict that, it does not take the powers of a crystal-ball gazer to apprehend, will be the consequences of the underlying tensions in the world in which we are living.
	The report raised interesting points and underlined the importance to the armed services of public backing for their objectives and of the legality of the operations. In his evidence to the committee, the noble and learned Lord, Lord Mayhew, carefully described what he perceives as the requirement that the character of the legal advice given about the international legality of armed conflict should be made known to Parliament. The Government would be wise to adopt that approach. There are difficulties in the position of the Attorney-General, whose first responsibility is to advise the Government, and there is nobody able to do the task for Parliament alone. In any event, the arguments that have moved the mind of the Government are important in order for Parliament to understand their legal case.
	The core of this debate rested on whether accountability to Parliament and Parliament's responsibility for choosing whether to commit troops to armed conflict should be secured by parliamentary convention or legislation. Opinion on this was less united than it was on the core principle that Parliament should give its consent. My noble friend Lord Lester sought to answer the criticism that legislation as a basis for war powers would inevitably give rise to the risk of judicial review. The argument continued with a contribution from the noble Viscount, Lord Bledisloe, who doubted whether it could entirely be avoided. This debate deserves to be continued. I doubt that it is beyond the wit of Parliament to construct legislation that makes the intervention of the courts extraordinarily unlikely. In any event, if the courts were to intervene, the result would not necessarily be catastrophic.
	The noble Lord, Lord Norton, forcefully and persuasively expressed the view that conventions are not made. I was reminded of a story about a dean of an American college who announced that, as from the next day, it would be the tradition of the college that no one would walk on the grass. I do not believe that such conventions can be plucked out of a short and easy dialogue between party leaders or even between the usual channels. The actuality is rather different. The conventions, in the sense of a treaty or the kind of concordat arrived at between the noble and learned Lords the Lord Chancellor and the Lord Chief Justice, are highly unusual in our constitution. In any event, I question whether a convention would be a strong enough basis to stand up to changes in circumstances. The report by the noble Lord, Lord Cunningham, on the conventions of this House was cited, but in the debate that followed the publication of that report, even he indicated that conventions would not necessarily survive a change in the composition of the House. If there are changes of circumstances, who would rely on such a fragile basis? I throw my weight behind those, including the noble Lord, Lord Judd, and the right reverend Prelate the Bishop of Ripon and Leeds, who say that we should look to construct a statutory basis on which to found our goal of ensuring that Parliament decides.
	We have a serious obligation to do this at this time. The noble Lord, Lord Judd, spoke movingly and powerfully about our commitment, which is more than one of language, historically to resort to the use of force only in specified legal circumstances. When we do, it potentially has serious consequences for those who fight on our behalf. I cannot believe that it is satisfactory to them that their only assurance that that represents the will of the people is the voice of the Prime Minister. We must broaden the basis of consent for the most grave action that a modern nation state can take.

Lord Kingsland: My Lords, all those members who served on the committee have already paid tribute to the chairman, the noble Lord, Lord Holme of Cheltenham, and the manner in which he conducted all the sessions and, ingeniously, put together at the end of a large volume of evidence such a compelling report. I would like to join in their congratulations. I have also been fortunate, as have all your Lordships, to have heard the noble Lord open this afternoon, and have admired the way in which he has managed to condense so much information in such an eloquent and persuasive manner.
	I share the views expressed by almost all your Lordships who have spoken in this debate. If I single out the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig of Radley, it is not out of any lack of admiration for him, but simply because I think that his approach was discordant with that of all other of your Lordships. Once again, I find myself admiring the noble and gallant Lord's courage in the face of so much hostility.
	Perhaps I can start—if that does not sound too ominous an introduction to what I trust will be a relatively short speech—by referring to paragraph 50 of the report, which summarises the evidence given by the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Boyce. It states:
	"Lord Boyce told us that an open debate in Parliament on deployments could undermine six key aspects of Armed Forces operations:
	escalating the conflict through rhetoric;
	skewing decisions through access to only limited information ...
	compromising operational security by publicly discussing too much detail prior to action ...
	impairing flexibility ...
	undermining clarity about the timetable ...
	[and] giving the opponent early notice of intent".
	The noble and gallant Lord, Lord Bramall, has given some compelling answers to many of the concerns raised by the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Boyce. Nevertheless, as the convention develops during what I hope will be the months, rather than the years, ahead, I am sure that your Lordships will agree that its desirability will need to be tested against those criteria—a point especially emphasised by the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig.
	I wish to draw your Lordships attention to only one of the six concerns expressed by the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Boyce, which is the skewing of decisions through access to only limited information. At page 22 of the evidence, Professor Loveland emphasised that that might lead to Parliament giving,
	"spurious and undeserved legitimacy to whatever it is that the Government has decided to do".
	All of your Lordships have met some honourable Members from another place who voted for the war in Iraq, only to say later that, had they known a certain piece of intelligence that was not available to them at the time, their vote may well have been different. I do not suggest that even now—supposing that a hypothetical vote could be taken now, given all the evidence that we now know about the war—the vote would be any different. But it is plain that the view of Members of another place is that the information that they had was, to say it in the least uncontroversial manner, incomplete.
	The problem is that the information on which another place will vote to deploy troops abroad will always be incomplete. Manifestly, a Government cannot allow certain pieces of intelligence to become public. In a sense, the vote will always be on the basis of skewed information. So, in developing a new convention—with which I entirely concur—your Lordships have to find a way to allow another place to have confidence in the Government's conclusions, without at the same time being in possession of evidence which it should not anyway have because it would undermine the chances of our troops being successful.
	The noble Lord, Lord Holme of Cheltenham, was quite right to draw our attention to the historical position. When the modern law of prerogatives was developed at the end of the 17th century, Parliament was in a much more powerful position than it is today to stop Governments going to war. Parliament had control of the purse and the Government and the King did not have control of Parliament. Nowadays, the situation is completely different, because the Government not only have the prerogative power but dominate Parliament in the manner with which we are all familiar. We need to flesh out a convention about the deployment of troops abroad; but, in doing so, we will need to look very carefully at other prerogatives—in particular, the prerogative to make treaties and the prerogative that the Government decide, exclusively, the shape of government machinery.
	With a typically imaginative initiative, about a year ago the noble Lord, Lord Lester of Herne Hill, introduced a Bill to your Lordships' House concerning the whole range of prerogative powers of the Government, seeking ways in which Parliament could gain greater control. One of the most important areas touched on in the debate concerned the Government's prerogative to make treaties. Since the conflict that your Lordships' House had with another place about the treaty with the United States on extradition, I have been convinced that no treaty should be signed by the Government until its terms have been made plain to Parliament and Parliament has had a chance to debate its content.
	The relevance of that is that on so many occasions we deploy troops because we have a treaty obligation to do so. The individual rights of citizens were adversely affected by the extradition treaty with the United States, which was negotiated and concluded in secret. Yet there is no individual right that is more important than the right to life. If our soldiers are to be deployed as a result of a treaty, it is vital that any future treaty that is negotiated and which requires the deployment of our troops is properly scrutinised by Parliament before it is signed. That is the first component of the new convention, which I believe should have serious consideration.
	The second concerns the machinery of government. When the right honourable Clare Short gave evidence to the committee, at page 3 of the evidence, she said:
	"When you look at the royal prerogative, it is not the prerogative of the Cabinet, it is the prerogative of the Prime Minister, so that helps to encourage a lack of accountability to the Cabinet. I think even worse, the Cabinet Committee Defence and Overseas policy, to which come all the heads of the ... Armed Forces, the Permanent Secretaries and Secretaries of State of all the departments which have any foreign policy intervention, normally would meet and scrutinise all the diplomatic, political and military options in a crisis situation like this. It did not meet".
	For corroboration, one has to turn only to the report by the noble Lord, Lord Butler, entitled, The Review of Intelligence on Weapons of Mass Destruction. At page 146, in the concluding section of the report on the machinery of government, the noble Lord laments the fact that powers originally exercised by the Cabinet secretariat were handed over to the personal advisers of the Prime Minister. He concludes:
	"One inescapable consequence of this was to limit wider collective discussion and consideration by the Cabinet to the frequent but unscripted occasions when the Prime Minister, Foreign Secretary and Defence Secretary briefed the Cabinet orally. Excellent quality papers were written by officials, but these were not discussed in Cabinet or in Cabinet Committee. Without papers circulated in advance, it remains possible but is obviously much more difficult for members of the Cabinet outside the small circle directly involved to bring their political judgement and experience to bear on major decisions for which the Cabinet as a whole must carry responsibility. The absence of papers on the Cabinet agenda so that Ministers could obtain briefings in advance from the Cabinet Office, their own departments or from the intelligence agencies plainly reduced their ability to prepare properly for such discussions, while the changes to key posts at the head of the Cabinet Secretariat lessened the support of the machinery of government for the collective responsibility of the Cabinet in the vital matter of war and peace".
	An essential component of a convention, therefore, should be Parliament's confidence that the proper processes of Cabinet government are respected by the Government. If we are confident that intelligence we will never see has been properly assessed by the people in government who are responsible for assessing it, we are much more likely to have confidence in the Government's judgments about the deployment of troops. I believe that a second component of this convention must be an overhaul of the machinery of government in respect of decisions of war and peace so that Parliament can be absolutely confident that intelligence has gone through the proper, responsible committees and the people in whom Parliament are entitled to have trust; namely, the intelligence services, the great departments of state and the chiefs of staff. If that happens, Parliament is much more likely, and rightly, to give the Government's judgment about deployment of troops the benefit of the doubt.
	I think that the noble and learned Lord the Lord Chancellor will find himself in agreement with my third component, just in case he is not in agreement with my other points. It is essential that the legal position is made absolutely clear before any deployment of troops, now crucial to the individual soldier. Since the development of the law under the International Criminal Court, the soldier is entitled to know where he stands and must have confidence that the conflict is legal. It is right that the Attorney-General comes to Parliament to make a statement about the legality of war.
	It would not, of course, be appropriate for Parliament to see the advice that the Attorney-General gave to the Government. Inevitably, any responsible Attorney-General is bound to have to assess all the arguments, some of which might be contrary to the final position that he takes. If that document should become public, it is as sure as night follows day that there would be a very big dispute about its merits. Nothing could be more damaging to the confidence of the soldier who is about to fight.
	The Government have to take a view about the legal position. If, ultimately, they are proved wrong, that is a matter for future accountability. The only way they can do that is on one piece of advice from the Attorney-General which is summarised and is clear—it should not express doubts—about the legality of the conflict or otherwise.
	I have spoken long enough. There is more, of course, that I should say. This convention cannot be created overnight. We will need to think of a number of other things in addition to those that I have expressed from the opposition Dispatch Box today.

Lord Falconer of Thoroton: My Lords, first, I join noble Lords in expressing my genuine and profound gratitude to the noble Lord, Lord Holme of Cheltenham, for this report and for the debate he has procured. Perhaps I may say more widely that under his leadership the Constitution Committee of the House has made a genuine and profound contribution to the constitution of this country. Every Member of the House joins me in thanking the noble Lord for that contribution. Secondly, I apologise to the noble Lord, Lord Holme of Cheltenham, and to every member of the committee for the delay in the Government's response. There were considerable internal discussions about the response. I have made that apology directly to the committee, but I repeat it in the Chamber today.
	I should make it clear that the Government did not in any way intend any disrespect to an excellent report, which was balanced in the sense that it set out the arguments pro and con. It took evidence from a large number of distinguished people. It also took evidence from myself and other Ministers. I hope that we set out with clarity—despite the very obliging remarks made by the noble Lord, Lord Smith of Clifton, who I am delighted to see in his place—the Government's position.
	In deference to the remarks made today, I shall try to deal with the detail of the report with a degree of fullness and try to set out the Government's position. As was made clear, this is an incredibly important issue. I completely accept the view of the noble and learned Lord, Lord Mayhew of Twysden, that this is important because it is about the circumstances in which we ask our Armed Forces to act on our behalf and put their lives at risk. It has an importance even beyond that in the context of what are the right democratic arrangements for those deployments to occur.
	The report sets out accurately the current perceived constitutional position. The deployment power to use troops in war or armed force is the royal prerogative power vested in the Prime Minister who, as the report says at paragraph 12, would not dream of exercising it without taking advice before doing so. The report rightly states:
	"The power to deploy the armed forces is not absolute. The Government are of course subject to certain constitutional constraints, including the general principle of their accountability to Parliament for the exercise of their powers".
	As a matter of practice, in recent years—the past 100 years—the deployment of troops has almost invariably involved Parliament being both consulted and, sometimes, voting on it. Five of the most recent occasions on which armed force has been used include Korea in 1950 when there was a vote and the Falklands War when there was no vote. The noble Lord, Lord Luce, movingly and vividly described the events leading up to the parliamentary debate, as did the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig of Radley. There was no vote, although I believe—I was not there and I defer to the noble Lord, Lord Luce— that there was broad parliamentary support for intervention in relation to the Falklands and no need for a vote. As I understand the speech made by the noble Lord, Lord Luce, he said that the need to go to Parliament might have been positively damaging in the build-up to the Falklands because of the issues in relation to South Georgia. Therefore, there were no votes on the Falklands, Kosovo and Iraq 1, in which the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig of Radley, was involved. On Iraq 2, which in a sense informs this great debate, there was a vote and a resolution. Precisely that for which the convention argues occurred on that occasion.
	That is the current position. The question posed by the report is that, despite that current position, should there nevertheless be something that the committee calls a convention? This convention comes in the form of paragraph 110 of the report, which says:
	"(1) Government should seek Parliamentary approval ... by the laying of a resolution ... if it is proposing the deployment of British forces outside the United Kingdom ... (2) In seeking approval, the Government should indicate the deployment's objectives, its legal basis, likely duration and, in general terms, an estimate of its size; (3) If, for reasons of emergency and security, such prior application is impossible, the Government should provide retrospective information within 7 days of its commencement or as soon as it is feasible, at which point the process in (1) should be followed; (4) The Government, as a matter of course, should keep Parliament informed of the progress of such deployments and, if their nature or objectives alter significantly should seek a renewal of the approval".
	That is the convention that is argued for. It is the Government's position that the current arrangements reflect the constitutional position. There is more than sufficient parliamentary involvement in that, and it would be both wrong and damaging to change the position.
	Finally, on the Government's position, Mr Gordon Brown, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, said:
	"Now that there has been a vote on these issues so clearly and in such controversial circumstances, I think it is unlikely that except in the most exceptional circumstances a government would choose not to have a vote in Parliament. I think Tony Blair would join me in saying that, having put this decision to Parliament, people would expect these kinds of decisions to go before Parliament".
	My right honourable friend the Prime Minister said in the Government's response:
	"The fact of the matter is that I cannot conceive of a situation in which a Government ... is going to go to war—except in circumstances where militarily for the security of the country it needs to act immediately—without a full parliamentary debate".
	Both my right honourable friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer and my right honourable friend the Prime Minister set out the current position. Are we right to create what the noble Lord, Lord Norton of Louth, says that we cannot create—namely, a convention—because we cannot create it, or is the position adequately covered by the current arrangements? I believe that it is, and I think that there are considerable arguments against the idea of making it more rigid in the way that is suggested by the Constitution Committee.
	I shall refer first to the question of what effect such a convention would have on operational efficiency. The noble Lord, Lord Garden, and the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Bramall, say that it would have no material effect on operational efficiency. Noble Lords will have read the report and seen the summary of the evidence of Sir Rupert Smith and the noble and gallant Lords, Lord Boyce and Lord Vincent of Coleshill. They will also have heard today the extraordinarily powerful speech of the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig of Radley. It is entirely a matter for this House to judge which of the contradictory pieces of evidence they find the more persuasive. I do not express a view about which is more persuasive. I think, however, that we would be extraordinarily unwise to change the current position in the light of that disagreement.
	Secondly, there is the question of coalition-building. The noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig of Radley, referred to this and to the need for countries—he was speaking about Iraq 1 and the Falklands—to be able to make arrangements and form a coalition. The speech that he gave in the House was reflected in the evidence to the same effect which the Minister for the Armed Forces gave to the committee. The Minister said that the Executive's ability to make those sorts of coalition arrangements was in sharp contrast to the inability of countries such as the Netherlands to make the same sort of arrangements because of their parliamentary process.
	My third point, which the noble Lord, Lord Norton of Louth, made in a slightly different way from the way in which I am about to make it, is that of course there should be full parliamentary involvement. There needs to be reporting, and there need to be votes, if there is any issue, although I do not say that there should be votes when there is no issue. However, there needs to be clarity about where the responsibility lies. Although the noble Lord alleged that Parliament was misled, which I dispute, everyone in this debate accepted that the Executive will in many cases for entirely legitimate reasons not be able to lay all the facts before Parliament.
	In those circumstances, therefore, why muddy the waters and say that, actually, Parliament is responsible? Involve Parliament as much as you possibly can—as this Government and all previous Governments have done in recent years, because they have to—but do not impose a rigid convention that was invented without reference to what the noble Lord, Lord Luce, was talking about. I hope that the noble Lord will not regard this as impertinent, but I thought that his support for the committee's conclusion was slightly lukewarm in this sense, and that he was saying that it was all well and good in the right case to do what the convention says, but that there will be other circumstances—he was not talking only about an emergency—in which the right course is not to have a convention but, in the interests of the country, to have some other means of seeking parliamentary approval. The noble Lord, Lord Goodlad, started off by setting out his concerns but then said that he was persuaded by the report. I venture to suggest, however, that he too had some considerable anxieties about the way in which it would work.

Lord Lester of Herne Hill: My Lords, the Lord Chancellor's thesis is that everything is working pretty well and we do not need to put in any safeguard. I wonder whether he would consider an example that he has not given; namely, what happened during the Suez invasion. We now know that even the law officers were not consulted about the legality of the invasion before it occurred. Instead, it went to the Lord Chancellor, the law officers gave their view afterwards, Parliament was not consulted, and I, as a member of the Armed Forces, was under orders to go under cover of darkness to conceal our deployment in order that the newspapers and Parliament would not know. I am not suggesting that this Government are guilty of that, but a future Government could be. Should there not be some kind of convention or statute that makes it less likely that that will happen in the future?

Lord Falconer of Thoroton: My Lords, with respect, the Suez example completely demonstrates the point made by the noble Lord, Lord Norton. It is, I think, widely accepted now that the Government of the day—I do not make a political point here—very actively misled the country and Parliament about what was happening. There was widespread parliamentary support for the Suez intervention at the time on the basis of what Mr Anthony Eden said, which was misleading, to Parliament. The convention that is argued for would have had no impact whatever, and it is extremely important that one focuses on that.
	It is extremely important that responsibility is identified where it lies, and it is extremely important that parliamentary involvement is increased as much as possible, but not by this convention. I say with respect that the question to ask is the one that the noble Lord, Lord Norton of Louth, was asking: how does one, without compromising operational efficiency and without leading to undue inflexibility, ensure that Parliament is properly informed, bearing in mind that the Prime Minister and the Chancellor of the Exchequer are plainly right when they say that it would almost invariably be the norm that Parliament will be told and that, if there is any question about it, as there was in relation to Iraq, there would be both a prolonged debate and a vote?
	I say with the greatest of respect to the committee that a convention is the wrong way in which to approach the problem. It leads to difficulties. In no way do I dispute—indeed I warmly endorse—what the Chancellor and the Prime Minister have said, but they are saying something different from the committee. They are not suggesting that there should be a rigid committee. So while I do not say that all things are fine, I do say that the proposal the committee has come up with is not the right one. To that end I was hugely impressed by the speech of the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig, and with that of the noble Lord, Lord Norton of Louth, although he was supportive of the proposals put forward by the noble Lord, Lord Luce. All those contributions contained powerful arguments against the proposition.
	Perhaps I may go through briefly the contributions made to this high quality debate. The noble Lord, Lord Holme, put the argument to the House. I hope that in what I have said, I have responded directly to his points—but not, I hope, as the noble Lord, Lord Smith, suggested, in an obfuscatory way. I have dealt with the specific comments of my right honourable friend the Chancellor of the Exchequer. My noble friend Lord Judd made the important point that we should make sure that all we do is consistent with the view of the United Nations charter of the circumstances in which one should go to war. I completely agree with that, although I disagree with my noble friend on adopting the convention for the reasons I have given. The noble Baroness, Lady O'Cathain, described it as "arrogant" to say that one of the key responsibilities of government is the decision whether or not to go to war. Whether it is a good thing or a bad thing, I do not think there is any dispute that that is one of the responsibilities of the Executive, and I certainly regard it as one of the most important.
	The right reverend Prelate the Bishop of Ripon and Leeds, my noble friend Lord Judd, and the noble Lords, Lord Maclennan and Lord Lester, all support something beyond the proposals made by the committee, and that is legislation. I strongly support the view of the noble Viscount, Lord Bledisloe, that the idea of the courts being involved in the question of whether or not the process had been gone through properly feels wholly inappropriate. The noble Lord, Lord Lester, argued that if one goes to war without going through the process, what is wrong with judicial review proceedings. One can only begin to imagine the consequences of that. So I strongly support the committee's assertion that there should not be legislation for all the reasons it has set out.
	The noble and gallant Lord, Lord Bramall, is at odds in a friendly way with those with military experience who I referred to earlier in my speech. It is a matter for the House to decide whose material they found more convincing about the need for a convention.

Lord Bramall: My Lords, in case the noble and learned Lord thinks that I have no military experience, I was the Chief of the General Staff during the time of the Falklands, so perhaps that balances with the experience of others. However, that is not my point, and I apologise for interrupting. The Minister said that this is not the right way to make a change because it would create problems. Does he not agree that the way we went to war under this Government has produced infinite problems, and therefore one should be encouraged to look at a different way?

Lord Falconer of Thoroton: My Lords, I apologise if I suggested in any way that I was not aware that the noble and gallant Lord was a very successful Chief of the Defence Staff. I know it and I hope that I did not suggest anything else.
	Perhaps I may make this point to the noble and gallant Lord. What he appears to be suggesting is that we should do what we did in relation to Iraq 2; that should always be the way forward. Does that not demonstrate that it does not solve the problems, because I think that that was implicit in what the noble and gallant Lord has said? The issues he identified—namely, the questions people are asking about the Iraq 2 conflict now—are not in any way dealt with by the convention he is arguing for. It does not meet the point.
	I agree with the noble and learned Lord, Lord Mayhew of Twysden, about the importance of the debate, but I fundamentally disagree about the need for a convention. The noble and learned Lord is normally someone who says that if something is broadly working, we should not change it, so I am surprised to find him supporting this change to the position. The noble Lord, Lord Lester of Herne Hill, supports an Act of Parliament. I am strongly against that for the reasons I have already given. I am completely persuaded by the speech of the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Craig of Radley, on the consequences of such a change. I hope that noble Lords will read his speech. While I do not agree with everything said by the noble Lord, Lord Norton of Louth, I agree completely with his basic premise that the convention proposed by the committee misses the point.
	I do not agree with my noble friend Lord Parekh, who raised another point when he asked whether there should be a two-thirds majority. The committee quoted the evidence of Mr Sebastian Payne who asked what would happen if there was a 51/49 per cent vote in favour. With respect, all those difficulties are not thought through.
	I recognise the great military experience of the noble Lord, Lord Garden—it is much greater than mine—but he supports the noble and gallant Lord, Lord Bramall. Again, I would say that the other side of the coin needs to be considered as well. The noble Earl, Lord Sandwich, put forcefully the views of the committee, but once more for the reasons I have given, I do not agree with him. I detected in the speech of the noble Lord, Lord Goodlad, a position quite similar to that of the noble Lord, Lord Luce, which is one of loyal support for the conclusions of the committee. But one is left with the sense that the flexibility of the current position might well be a better way to deal with these problems.
	I have already referred to the speech of the noble Lord, Lord Luce. The noble Lord, Lord Smith of Clifton, said that Iraq is the catalyst, but he did not deal with the critical point that the convention argued for was followed in relation to Iraq. Therefore, what more is being sought? The noble Viscount, Lord Bledisloe, asks: if you always go to Parliament as a matter of practice, why not just agree to the convention? The current situation offers a huge degree of flexibility which works, as was described when I went through all the recent conflicts. The noble Lord, Lord Maclennan, supports legislation, but I am against it. The noble Lord, Lord Kingsland, was as measured as ever, being neither supportive of nor opposing the report.
	I end by saying that this is a most impressive report. That I disagree with it for the reasons I have given does not in any way detract from the huge contribution made by the noble Lord, Lord Holme, to our constitution. The right thing to do is to encourage further debate on the issue. The Government will keep this matter under review. It is not just the Government who have a role in this debate, but all parliamentarians.

Lord Holme of Cheltenham: My Lords, the hour is late and it would not be profitable to reopen the whole debate, although after the Lord Chancellor's speech it is tempting to do so. I should like to confine myself to saying that in his advocacy of business as usual and everything is tickety-boo, I thought that the noble and learned Lord perhaps did not do justice to the contributions from around the House. If he was not impressed by the weight of the arguments set out in the report, which he clearly was not, I should have thought he would have been impressed by the near unanimity of an extremely distinguished selection of noble Lords with a great variety of experience. Although it is a joy for a non-lawyer to watch a skilled courtroom advocate seizing on little strands of straw here and there and trying to make a substantial brick out of them, I thought he was not altogether fair in the way he characterised some of the contributions to the debate. But that is what he is good at.
	Incidentally, I thought that my noble friend Lord Smith was unkind to the Lord Chancellor. He adds greatly to the gaiety of life and I must say that if I were to be critical, it would really be more his Panglossian characteristics that I would seize on: everything is for the best in the best of all possible worlds. I had the great pleasure of starting my day with the Lord Chancellor in the Constitution Committee talking about the Ministry of Justice and ending it here at eight o'clock talking about this important issue. His sheer brio is overwhelming and I hope that whatever the future weeks have in store for him, we shall continue to be entertained by the way he can defend the indefensible. It is extremely impressive.
	I conclude by thanking all noble Lords who have taken part in the debate. Some would like us to go further, some think our proposal is too modest, and the Lord Chancellor clearly thinks that it has no attraction at all. I suspect that the issue is not going to go away and a government permanent review will have to get active.

On Question, Motion agreed to.

Health: Specialist Nurses

Baroness Masham of Ilton: asked Her Majesty's Government what they can and will do to prevent primary care trusts and hospital trusts reducing spending on specialist nursing services in the treatment and support of patients with long-term conditions.
	My Lords, I declare an interest, as I founded the Spinal Injuries Association and am a life president. I also had immense help from specialist nurses over the years when my late husband had to endure diabetes, the results of strokes, Parkinson's disease and cancer, which resulted in his having to have a stoma. The advice that I personally had for my husband was from the specialist diabetes nurse, who was the link with the hospital unit and the community. She would visit our home and check the records. When the blood sugar went too low or too high, she would advise on the insulin, and she was a link with the consultant. For our carers to have such support was invaluable.
	The other specialist nurse who gave advice was the Parkinson's disease nurse from Leeds. Drugs for Parkinson's are very important, and the monitoring and timing are essential. That nurse was without doubt a valuable support. The other help that we appreciated was from the specialist advisers from the firm that supplied the stoma appliances. Each stoma has to be cut to the special size of the individual patient's incision. If faecal matter escapes, it can cause very sore rashes and burns on the surrounding skin. Special lotions for this are available, but it is specialised knowledge that counts, and having that advice available is vital. Many district nurses are not trained in such expertise. The Minister knows too well what it will mean to rural areas should that home service be discontinued.
	I thank all noble Lords and Baronesses and the Minister for taking part in this short but extremely important debate, and I look forward to their contributions. Specialist nurses are a lifeline to many people with long-term complicated conditions. They are also a support to junior doctors and nurses in hospitals, GPs and district nurses in the community.
	Your Lordships may have noticed that my colleague, the noble Baroness, Lady Wilkins, has not been in this House for the past few months. That is because she has had a problem to do with her paraplegia. She has given me her permission to say that she was wrongly diagnosed by her GP and is now in the spinal unit at Stoke Mandeville Hospital. She has had an operation and is on the mend, but says, "Thank goodness for being at a place where they know what they are doing". Expert medics and trained spinal nurses understand complicated problems that can arise due to paralysis with no feeling. If correct treatment is not received, disasters occur and unnecessary expensive periods are spent in hospitals repairing the damage.
	I have been told by the Spinal Injuries Association that five specially trained spinal nurses have been moved from the spinal unit at Wakefield to general wards and have been replaced by care assistants. That is frustrating for the nurses, but very worrying for those who depend on their expertise.
	On Saturday evening, I met a young married woman with young children. She has lupus, a condition that affects the immune system. She has good and bad times. She told me that the specialist nurse dealing with her condition was her lifeline and was always available at the end of the telephone. The nurse had been told that her job was under threat. How can these vulnerable patients from so many specialties be put at so much risk and with so much insecurity? What is happening to our NHS?
	The situation of specialist nurses in stroke care was getting better. They were able to take more responsibility with advanced training, having independent clinics and prescribing necessary drugs with the back-up of consultants. They help to prevent secondary infection and, when strokes occur, they can book much-needed urgent scans, which are vital before patients are given thrombolysis, the clot-busting treatment that has to be given within three hours of the onset of a stroke. They help to link everyone together and advise junior doctors in A&E departments, who spend only two months there.
	With a stroke, there can be swallowing problems. The specialist nurse can do the necessary screening, which must be done by a trained nurse who knows what she is doing, as so often speech therapists are not available. They keep data and guidelines, and provide specialist continuity of care. The specialist nurses can give a much higher quality of care. If they are removed because of shortage of funds, it will be an economic disaster in the long run.
	The Department of Health has emphasised that the onus is on local trusts to deploy specialist nurses in accordance with their needs. The Healthcare Commission demands compliance with NICE guidelines as well as with the national service framework, which both say that those with MS should be put in touch with a skilled nurse with knowledge of MS and counselling experience. These guidelines are often overlooked by local trusts that are struggling to prioritise funding and looking for an easy pot to raid.
	One in four specialist nurses fear that they have no future in the NHS. A recent survey conducted by Bowel Cancer UK and the Royal College of Nursing has identified that NHS specialist nursing posts are under threat. A total of 460 specialist nurses working in gastroenterology and stoma care across the UK took part in the survey. Seventy-two per cent of nurses who had been made redundant or now work on wards said that patient care would suffer.
	The Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Association feels strongly about the current lack of specialist nurses within the NHS and is horrified by the plans to reduce their numbers still further. The NHS support system works increasingly on a 9 am to 5 pm service. The PSP Association has 24-hour telephone counselling services that enable carers to contact the nurses in the evenings and at weekends, when NHS services—other than for real emergencies—are increasingly unavailable.
	Epilepsy is a serious condition, which needs careful monitoring of drugs, and there is a campaign for more specialist nurses. NICE clinical guideline 20, Diagnosis and Management of the Epilepsies in Adults and Children in Primary and Secondary Care, states:
	"Epilepsy specialist nurses should be an integral part of the network of care of individuals with epilepsy".
	SIGN guideline No. 70, Diagnosis and Management of Epilepsy in Adults, states that,
	"all epilepsy care teams should include an epilepsy specialist nurse".
	I am sure that this conclusion could be echoed by many other voluntary organisations dealing with long-term conditions. There are so many that I could mention if time allowed but, as a vice-president of the Haemophilia Society, I will relay a few of the clinical nurse specialist duties in caring for people living with haemophilia and related inherited bleeding disorders.
	The haemophilia nurse is usually the first point of contact for patients and families, and plays a pivotal role in the specialist multi-disciplinary team. Haemophilia treatment is expensive, but the lives of patients and their families can be transformed by high-quality expert care. The role of the nurse encompasses accountability for the clinical efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the home treatment programme, maintaining an ongoing process of record-keeping, audit and review.
	Haemophilia comprehensive care centres have a wide catchment area, which creates the opportunity for the haemophilia nurse to demonstrate clinical nursing leadership and influence care. This includes administering treatments, including intravenous clotting factor concentrate; contributing to genetic counselling; providing support for patients and families in the community, including home and school visits; educating and supporting families post-diagnosis and at different life stages; and meeting the complex needs of those affected by HIV and hepatitis C as a consequence of past treatment. Haemophilia nurses also act as a source of specialist advice and information for hospital staff, primary healthcare staff, dentists, schools, employers, social services and other community agencies.
	I stress the importance of specially trained infection control nurses, who strive to keep infections such as Clostridium difficile from wards. So many patients with long-term conditions have compromised immune systems and cannot fight infections. More must be done.
	With the European directive on doctors' working hours, specialised nurses are more important than ever. So many organisations and people throughout the country feel strongly that the NHS should be providing the crucial support of specialised nurses in many long-term conditions. The Royal College of Nursing and nurses working within the Department of Health are also strong supporters but, above all, the patients' needs are paramount. I urge the noble Lord, Lord Hunt of Kings Heath, to plead with the Government not to leave all decisions to PCTs and trusts but to take the lead and request them to provide specialist nurses who do so much to keep vulnerable people in our society healthy.

Baroness Gould of Potternewton: My Lords, it is very opportune that the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, has obtained this debate today, for which I thank her, as three of the charities that look after patients with long-term conditions have today been in discussions with the Minister Ivan Lewis on this topic. We await the outcome of those deliberations with interest.
	I will concentrate my remarks on the importance of specialist nurses for the treatment of people with epilepsy, the most common serious neurological disease. I declare an interest as president of Epilepsy Action and chair of the All-Party Group on Epilepsy.
	The first epilepsy specialist nurse—ESN—was appointed in 1988; since then, they have proved a crucial source of support and advice to patients with epilepsy. There are three types of ESN: those who specialise in caring for adults with epilepsy, those who specialise in caring for children with epilepsy and those who specialise in people with epilepsy and learning disabilities. As the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, said, their specialist knowledge is crucial to those people. They enable many patients to manage their epilepsy effectively and to remain independent in the community.
	Epilepsy Action calculates that in England at least 60 per cent of people with epilepsy—230,000 people—should have regular or, at the very least, occasional access to an ESN. Further, the ESNs should have a caseload of no more than 250 patients with active epilepsy. That means that there is a need for 920 epilepsy specialist nurses in England. Currently, however, the figure stands at 152.
	ESNs fulfil many differing roles. They give guidance to people with epilepsy and their families as well as helping to improve communication and co-ordination between primary and secondary care, social services, education and employment services and the voluntary sector. Patients and carers want and need the face-to-face opportunities that ESNs provide. This is especially true for women, who need special support, particularly during pregnancy.
	The noble Baroness outlined the evidence from SIGN and NICE. In 2004, the NICE clinical guidelines stated:
	"Epilepsy specialist nurses should be an integral part of the network of care of individuals with epilepsy".
	On 21 November 2006, Ivan Lewis said in a Written Answer:
	"Specialist epilepsy nurses provide an additional clinical resource and have spearheaded the development of nurse led and fast access clinics, monitoring treatment regimes and seizure control, support and information on aspects of medication and side effects and lifestyle precautions".—[Official Report, Commons, 21/11/06; col. 77W.]
	In spite of that statement, recent figures show that around 8 per cent of ESNs across the UK are threatened with redundancy, reduced hours, assignment to non-specialist duties or not being replaced. There is no dispute about the contribution they make and how they save the NHS money by releasing consultants' time and reducing waiting times to see a neurologist; reducing accident and emergency admissions; enhancing patients' adherence to anti-epileptic treatment; and reducing the use of hospital beds.
	However, despite the already chronic shortage of ESNs across Britain, we are now forced to defend the status quo rather than focus on expanding the excellent service they provide. Local NHS organisations facing financial pressures are making short-term cuts, which will seriously impact on the quality of life of those with epilepsy. It is not necessary. In its manifesto for epilepsy in 2004, the Joint Epilepsy Council showed how improvements in epilepsy care could realise savings estimated at £160 million per year— the annual cost of epilepsy misdiagnosis, based on the figures from NICE—and £66 million per year through reduced costs of disability living allowance for people with epilepsy. Together, that is more than enough to fund the improvements called for.
	Furthermore, 72 of the current ESN posts were created because of pump-priming funding through Epilepsy Action, with agreements with the NHS trust concerned that the post would continue once the pump-priming funding expired. Through the scheme, Epilepsy Action provided £30,000 to £50,000 of financial support to NHS trusts for them to set up an epilepsy specialist nurse service. Since the scheme was set up in 1995, more than £2.5 million has been invested, creating 83 nurse posts within the NHS. But, disgracefully, seven NHS trusts have not honoured their agreement to continue funding the posts once the pump-priming funding ceases. These breaches of agreement of the written commitments made, not only in the field of epilepsy but to other charities that work with patients with long-term conditions, are likely to affect their provision of valuable seed funding to the NHS.
	I appreciate that the Minister will no doubt indicate that it is for local NHS areas to determine their own priorities, but they are going against the government strategy of providing more care in the community, which enables and facilitates self-management of patients' conditions and is vital to delivering the quality requirements of the National Service Framework for Long-Term (Neurological) Conditions.
	While local NHS bodies have a degree of autonomy, I urge the Government to issue further guidance to ensure the implementation of the 11 quality requirements in that national service framework is not compromised, that the commitment in the NICE clinical guidance on specialist epilepsy nurses is fully implemented across all NHS trusts, and that the aim to transform how health and social care services support people who live with long-term conditions is achieved. Maintaining specialist epilepsy nursing teams is essential if we are not to see postcode lotteries for the care of the 456,000 people in the UK with epilepsy.

Baroness Gardner of Parkes: My Lords, there is no doubt that all chronic conditions greatly improve with the help of a specialist nurse. We have just heard about epilepsy, and the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, told us about strokes, Parkinson's disease, diabetes and haemophilia. Whatever condition you mention, having a specialist nurse is extremely advantageous for the patients concerned. I thank the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, for initiating this debate and covering the subject thoroughly.
	I declare an interest: my daughter has multiple sclerosis and is a patron of the MS Trust. In a moment, I will tell you a little more about the MS Trust, because it is a leader in this field.
	The noble Baroness, Lady Masham, made a good point about the confidence it gives patients, quite apart from the home service, to have nurses available on the end of a telephone line. That is a marvellous thing for someone who needs it. It gives reassurance and deals with the need for someone to be available to tell you what should be done and decide whether you need full and urgent treatment or just reassurance. That reassurance, given by specialist nurses, saves the National Health Service a huge amount of money. Research has been done showing the savings. The Royal College of Nursing has explained that one acute hospital showed a net cost of its MS nursing service of £118,000 but an income generation of £733,000.
	The Question asks how we prevent people reducing spending on services, but that is asking for something very difficult. The PCTs guard their right to decide these things, and for any Minister to say, "No, you must choose this or that", is not the principle on which they run. They need to be convinced that it is good economically for them, that it is not only a good service but in their financial interests to use it instead of being landed with higher costs because people have to become inpatients. In all ways, it is better to have the benefit of specialist nurses.
	The MS Trust was the first charity to develop education for MS specialist nurses and it is still considered a leader in that field. The courses are regularly oversubscribed and also offer full ongoing support. Patients with an MS specialist nurse value self-referral and swift advice by phone or e-mail. An MS nurse can refer onwards to a wide range of services—physio, occupational therapy or counselling, or, to return to the point I made earlier, back to the consultant if appropriate. It saves people being referred to the consultant when it is not appropriate. Time to access the nurse is minimised; in relapse situations, which are of course a feature of multiple sclerosis, this is essential.
	Being a specialist nurse is almost generic because any chronic condition that you care to name has its own specialist nurse. Whatever they specialise in, they are the key to successful management of long-term conditions. As I said, the findings also prove that they are cost-effective.
	I know that the time for this debate is short, and I noticed that the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, ran a couple of minutes over time, so I shall try to make up for that by stopping now. I have made my point, and plenty of others wish to speak.

Baroness Finlay of Llandaff: My Lords, I, too, thank the noble Baroness, Lady Masham of Ilton, for instigating this important and timely debate. It is timely for several reasons. At present, specialist nursing posts are being reviewed in many trusts across the UK and are subject to downward cost pressures, and the Department of Health is reviewing nursing and embarking on modernising nursing careers.
	One must have some sympathy with trusts that took in pump-primed posts three or so years ago and now find that the salary bill in the trust has changed and the budget for the post is eroded. Charity funding and some NOF funding were used to set these posts up, and although the charity's name remains attached it no longer funds the post. Some other charities have established other partnership models of funding, which would seem to protect all parties better. Some have really had their fingers burnt with the pump-priming of such posts, and in the end patients have suffered when the post is removed.
	I shall focus on what a specialist nurse is and is not, for there is much confusion around the label. The training and specialist skills and competencies are not always clearly defined. Specialist nurses are employed at different levels in different trusts, despite Agenda for Change—some at level 5, some at 6 or 7 and a few at level 8. Why? Because the money is not there for the posts to be unified by grading even when the post-holder has appealed against the grading and when differences are evident between trusts.
	The difficulty for trusts is that the job is there and the work needs to be done, but there is no clear definition in the different subject areas of what a specialist nurse is versus a specialised nurse. Throughout the country specialist nurses now find they are under threat and fear for their posts as trusts try to get the books to balance. To clarify specialist versus specialised nursing, I shall take the example of Marie Curie Cancer Care—I declare an interest as a vice-president of Marie Curie.
	Marie Curie Cancer Care has 2,500 nurses. Almost 1,500 are community Marie Curie nurses providing care for patients in their own homes. These nurses have training and experience in care of those who are terminally ill; they are highly specialised, but they do not have specialist-level training and competencies. The NHS contributes 40 per cent of the salary costs for these nurses. Then there are just over 400 Marie Curie hospice nurses, almost 200 care assistants and 25 specialist nurses. So one in 100 of the Marie Curie nurses are working as specialists but the others are certainly specialised—though that is not to denigrate the care that they give.
	Specialist nurses in the community have a vital role to play in helping patients to stay at home, organising care and providing social support and equipment as needed. The specialist nurse also has unique skills to support patients' psychosocial needs and the needs of the family, especially when relatives are vulnerable by dint of age, being either very young or very old, or through infirmity. So often the specialist nurse is the named nurse, working across hospital and community boundaries and guiding care. They can and should now form pooled out-of-hours rotas to ensure that care does not dip at nights and weekends.
	In palliative care, the input of a specialist nurse as part of a multi-professional team can even double the chance of a patient staying at home, and with that go cost savings. In paediatric palliative care in west London, where a specialist paediatric palliative care nurse post has been removed, the number of bed nights has gone up as, out-of-hours, parents panic, out-of-hours services panic and the child is admitted. That is sad, because so many of those admissions could have been avoided. In Northwick Park hospital, the diabetes specialist nurse in paediatrics has resulted in the hospital stays of newly diagnosed diabetic children falling from an average of five to six nights down to only three nights, and the long-term control of the children's diabetes has improved as the quality of care has been driven up. That must be a long-term cost saving to the NHS overall because we know that good diabetic care results in lower morbidity.
	These specialist nurses in the community cannot be replaced by community matrons, who have high-level generic skills and a different set of competencies. The term "specialist nurse" does not mean that the nurse is pluripotent. A specialist nurse in diabetes cannot just become a specialist nurse in multiple sclerosis overnight. That nurse will have to retrain in the disease-specific aspects of the patients to be cared for. However, some skills, particularly managerial skills, are eminently transferable. In medicine nobody would accept a neurosurgeon suddenly being appointed as a specialist in cardiology. Their specific training is assessed and a certificate of completion of specialist medical training in one discipline is then registrable.
	In some areas of nursing such as paediatric community care there are excellent university courses which teach reflective practice based on the nurse's clinical caseload. These have been proven to improve the nurse's practice, and hence the experience of her or his patients. Such validated courses ensure training and education to specialist level but are not in place for all areas of practice. Now that specialist nursing has truly come of age it is time for a similar register to be set up as in medicine and for a parallel system to be established for nursing. Such a register would protect the patient, the employer and the nurse.
	In many clinical areas the specialist nurse is now an essential core member of the multi-professional team, working with specialist doctors, physiotherapists and others. Losing the specialist nurse from a team is a disaster. They complement the care of the generalist and the specialised nurse, leading by example, driving up standards, evaluating care and participating in research and education.
	This is a very important debate. I hope that we shall see nursing move forward into a new age with clearly defined specialist nursing.

Lord Dubs: My Lords, I am grateful to the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, for giving us the opportunity to debate the important topic of specialist nurses. Inevitably, we shall each discuss the specialism about which we know the most or of which we have the most experience. I want to talk specifically about MS nurses, as did the noble Baroness, Lady Gardner. I declare an interest as my son has had MS for a number of years.
	I understand that this country has one of the highest rates of MS in the world with an estimated 85,000 persons with the disease and approximately 2,500 new cases diagnosed annually. Recently my right honourable friend the Secretary of State for Health suggested to the Royal College of Nursing that she did not believe that there was any evidence to support the concept of specialist nurses. While I have the highest regard for the Secretary of State, in this case I do not agree with her.
	In 2001, the MS Trust funded research which showed that MS specialist nurses keep people out of hospital and save money. I want to say a little more about that. Evidence shows that they free up neurologists' time and reduce hospital admissions, especially emergency admissions. It is estimated that they achieve up to a 50 per cent reduction in the length of hospital stay. Those are very impressive savings. Money is not everything as regards treating people; patients are the most important. However, money is important. If the NHS is looking to its money and these savings are of the order I have suggested, that alone justifies having more MS nurses on economic grounds, to say nothing of patient care grounds.
	MS specialist nurses make a world of difference to people suffering with MS. They provide time, specialist support and, above all, understanding of the lives of people affected by the disease. Part of the argument for specialist MS nurses is the very nature of the illness. It is different from other illnesses and a specialist nurse can make a more effective contribution to the care of patients. It is estimated that there are 200 MS nurses in the country and that we need a minimum of some 300. In a Written Answer of 19 February my noble friend Lord Hunt said:
	"The annual National Health Service workforce census does not separately identify multiple sclerosis nurses from the rest of the nursing workforce. It is for NHS employers and strategic health authorities to determine how many multiple sclerosis nurses are required to meet local service needs".—[Official Report, 19/2/07; col. WA 182.]
	I am not sure whether that is not a complicated way of saying, "We don't know", but at any rate it suggests that the estimates I have received do not have the imprint of the department. It shows that services for people with MS have a relatively low priority in the NHS and that the implementation of NICE guidelines for the management of MS in primary and secondary care and the National Service Framework for Long Term Conditions is being undermined.
	MS nurses are funded from three separate sources: partly by the NHS; sometimes by the voluntary sector—the MS Society funds 76 specialist nurses; and also by the pharmaceutical industry. A survey of services for people with MS presented in January 2007 suggested that there were areas of particular excellence and that there was a significant commitment to MS by health professionals, not just nurses but across the health service. I am very impressed by the commitment that health professionals show to sufferers of MS. However, there is not a universally good service. Among the conclusions is that there is no evidence of a co-ordinated response by the NHS and that there are serious financial constraints. At the moment, at least some MS nurses funded by the NHS are in danger of losing their jobs.
	I will say a little bit about what MS nurses do. They help with patient concerns, with the inevitable depression and with relapses in the condition. They are an essential point of contact, providing reassurance and care. They help MS sufferers broadly to deal with their condition. They provide advice and information. Above all, they have a holistic approach. Each MS sufferer is different, but an MS nurse is able to look at an individual patient's total circumstances to provide the help that is important. They are a valuable addition to GPs, few of whom acknowledge that they have confidence in identifying potential MS patients. GPs as a whole are grateful that there are specialist MS nurses who can provide the input that GPs normally acknowledge that they cannot provide.
	MS nurses provide a tremendously important service for MS sufferers. They can be justified not only in the overall savings to the National Health Service but, above all, by their providing better and more sensitive care for MS sufferers and giving them a better quality of life. Surely that is essential to people suffering from a difficult and dreadful illness.

Baroness Cumberlege: My Lords, I, too, thank the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, for initiating this debate. As always, her contribution is timely, and grounded in compelling personal testimony.
	I have been a long-time admirer of the nursing profession, and my report, Neighbourhood Nursing, published 20 years ago, first mooted the idea of nurse prescribing, a concept which, to their credit, successive Governments have cautiously taken forward. In that report we also promoted a new role, that of the nurse practitioner. It was then that I really got to know what nursing was about. There are not many of us, except perhaps my noble friend Lord McColl, who can tell anyone—anyone at all—to take off all their clothes, and they will; or stick a needle into them, and they will not complain; or insert a tube into any orifice, and then be thanked for doing so.
	In the past two decades nursing has developed in knowledge, skills and confidence, not least through new roles such as nurse consultants and specialist nurses. I tried to find out how many specialist nurses are employed, and despite considerable efforts by the ever helpful RCN—I declare that I am a vice-president of the RCN—I have been unable to do so. I understand that the Department of Health no longer collates information centrally on nurse numbers, broken down by bands or title, and I wonder why that is. I therefore ask the Minister: who is in charge of nurse workforce planning? Is it left to individual strategic health authorities, NHS trusts, PCTs and universities? If so, with the private and independent sector becoming such a major employer, who is to ensure nationally that the right number of qualified staff are available? We need clarity about where that responsibility lies. It is critical to know because, without a doubt, as we have heard tonight, specialist nurses have improved the quality of care for patients and their families and they are now an integral part of healthcare. For instance, over the past 22 years, the Parkinson's Disease Society has developed a network of more than 230 posts. Together with PCTs, NHS trusts, and SHAs, it has invested £7 million over the past 15 years and, in the past three years, half a million pounds in nurse training. There is no doubt that specialist nurses increase capacity and, as we have heard tonight, save the NHS money.
	I now want to address the issue of another group of specialists—midwives. I declare an interest as a vice-president of the Royal College of Midwives. In particular I want to talk about independent midwives. They are a remarkable professional group who pioneer truly women-centred care. When I produced my report Changing Childbirth, I was so impressed by their philosophy and practice that I used them as a model for the NHS maternity services. They did not disappoint. Independent midwives provide an alternative to what is offered locally by the NHS. In addition, many are opinion leaders who interpret research, write articles on good practice and help to change unhelpful attitudes within the NHS. They also teach and have student midwives on their electives. They are the gold standard for midwifery services.
	Independent midwives have helped to keep the option of a home birth alive as a real choice for women. Collectively, they achieve a home birth rate of 75 per cent, compared with the national rate of between 2 and 3 per cent. Their caesarean rate is only 15 per cent, compared with the national average of 23 per cent. That is not surprising, as independent midwives have been the pioneers of caseload midwifery and provide continuity for women throughout pregnancy, the birth and postnatal care. These remarkable professional women are being written out of the script at a time when there is a serious shortage of midwives. We can ill afford to lose them. They have been caught in the trap of professional indemnity insurance. It is not a new problem. Since March 2002, independent midwives have had to practise without insurance. That is not a situation that they want or with which they feel comfortable, but pregnant women have indicated their confidence in independent midwives by continuing to employ them, knowing that that is the case.
	In the autumn of last year, the Chief Nursing Officer told the Independent Midwives Association that Ministers had decided to introduce legislation to ensure that all practising healthcare professionals should have compulsory indemnity cover. He followed that up with a letter suggesting that independent midwives should try to obtain funding through a social enterprise route. They have tried to do so, but without success. They were turned down by the Pathfinder scheme. They are the only professional group that cannot get cover.
	The department has not been very clever. It held meetings with the Association of British Insurers without even telling the Independent Midwives Association, let alone involving it in meetings. I understand that one such meeting took place only yesterday. It is extraordinary. Whose career is this? Whose professional practice is being discussed? Whose livelihood? Who has the passion for this remarkable life event, helping women give birth and the starting of a new life, except midwives themselves?
	I know of the Minister's commitment to maternity services. I know that he is responsible for indemnity and insurance. I know of his ability to persuade, to negotiate and to be savvy. This problem needs to be resolved, especially as the Government have brought the issue to a head in their proposal to legislate. I am asking the Minister to take action personally, to work with the litigation authority, to involve the Independent Midwives Association in negotiations with the insurers and to resolve the problem. If all else fails, will the Government consider underwriting the insurance for this, the only professional group that cannot get cover? We need more independent midwives. We need more midwives per se. We cannot afford to lose a single one, let alone 150 of the best, at the stroke of a ministerial pen.

Baroness Emerton: My Lords, I, too, thank the noble Baroness, Lady Masham of Ilton, for initiating this debate. She has much experience and personal knowledge of the role of specialist nurses and eloquently expressed her concern about patients and specific specialty nurses faced with the threat of possible reductions in service.
	The NHS Plan clearly set out the Government's intent to devolve from central Government to strategic health authorities and primary healthcare trusts the planning and commissioning of local services. In theory, that sounds excellent, with the Government being in a position to monitor against service agreements. We are all aware of the 2006-07 deficits and their various effects on services so that the books might balance at the year end, but we cannot hide behind last year's deficits for ever and we need to move forward. Is there not a problem in the lack of joined-up thinking on workforce planning between strategic health authorities, primary care trusts, NHS trusts and educational establishments, as mentioned by the noble Baroness, Lady Cumberlege?
	We are constantly reminded by Ministers that there has been an increase in resources, resulting in an increase in the total number of doctors, nurses and healthcare professionals, but are they of the right qualification and in the right place at the right time? We also hear from professional organisations that there is a shortage of midwives, health visitors and nurses.
	In recent years, there has been a tremendous growth in advanced specialist nursing roles, as evidenced by the presence of nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists and nurse consultants, who have all gained advanced practice skills following studies for advanced qualifications. Evidence shows that these nurses, midwives and health visitors have contributed to an improvement in patient care and service capacity, including caring for patients at home, thus avoiding hospital admissions. This is especially valuable in supporting patients with long-term conditions, such as multiple sclerosis, diabetes, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, mental health conditions and terminal illness, to name but a few specialties.
	Just as medical specialties have expanded rapidly, so, too, have those in nursing, with nurses taking on roles in, for example, prescription and endoscopy, thus relieving medical practitioners of some areas of work usually undertaken by doctors alone. These specialist nurses are frequently described by patients and families as a lifeline with whom they could not exist, as my noble friend Lady Masham has already said.
	Here, I declare an interest as a retired regional director of nursing for the South East Thames Regional Health Authority, where I was responsible for the workforce planning of in excess of 33,000 nurses and midwives over a period of 17 years covering four major government reorganisations. During that time, many changes took place in the delivery of patient care, with a move to more specialisation. In many cases, in order to meet the need, agreements had to be made with charitable organisations to sponsor specialist nurses, as has already been mentioned. This was particularly so for cancer nurse specialists and Parkinson's disease nurses in the early days. This still happens today but it is very distressing for the charity, the patients and the practitioner when the agreed time comes to an end and the PCTs fail to meet their agreement.
	My experience in workforce planning showed me that there was a need to identify how the specific needs of patients could best be met by delivering high-quality care within the resources available. To do that, I needed a small team of nurses with a range of knowledge and skills who could advise on the workforce plan necessary to deliver safe, high quality care.
	I have yet to be convinced that the current SHAs, PCTs and NHS trusts have the necessary knowledge and skills available to enable sound decision-making to be made on the workforce plan. There is a need to understand care pathways that are suitable for each condition and to carry out individual care that is both effective and cost-effective, as has already been emphasised this evening. Can the Minister say how many nurses employed at strategic health authority and PCT levels are involved in workforce planning? Having explored a few trusts where there have been no redundancies of advanced practitioners, I have discovered that those trusts have carried out a thorough review and have decided not to cut because of the recognised detriment that that would have on service delivery. One director of nursing, having carried out a detailed review of all specialist nurses in the trust reported to me:
	"To date the findings can confirm they are value for money as well as improving patient care. Making them redundant would be a false economy".
	Again, that was emphasised by the noble Baroness, Lady Gardner of Parkes.
	Would it therefore be a worthwhile exercise to examine where redundancies have occurred, early retirement advised or downgrading has taken place, and the posts at risk identified, giving the basis on which the decision was made and the background expert knowledge and skills of the specific speciality, including the detrimental effect to patients and families and the resultant lowering of morale on nurses and the healthcare team? Could the Minister please comment on this situation?
	The Government's policy to move more care into the community will obviously have an effect on the numbers available in the workforce to meet the increased demands. How many strategic health authorities have decided to cut the admission of students to undertake health visiting training for this coming year as the South West SHA has already announced no places for health visitor training?
	The nursing profession is pro-patient care, not anti-reform, and has been in the forefront of leading and delivering reform. For example, nurses have taken on a range of new prescribing responsibilities, carried out extensive reviews of repeat prescriptions and saved millions of pounds by stopping irrelevant medicines for the current conditions. They have adopted flexible ways of working that have reduced waiting times and waiting lists. They have taken on new leadership roles, such as consultant nurses and modern matrons.
	Nurses are working as lead clinicians in primary care, in home care support services and in the management of chronic diseases. Nurse-led clinics are revolutionising patient access to quality service—endoscopic and diabetic nurses, to name but two specialisms.
	The Commons Committee for Public Accounts has criticised the Department of Health for its failure to properly cost, and thereby fully fund, certain policies and reforms. In the light of these criticisms, and the question posed by my noble friend Lady Masham, will the Minister consider holding a review of workforce planning currently in place in strategic health authorities, PCTs and NHS trusts to ensure that there are adequate knowledge and skills to balance the forecast demand with supply? This is vital when the forecast shows 180,000 nurses are due to retire over the next 10 years, and that in 2011, there is a predicted shortage of 19,000 nurses. That poses very real problems for workforce planning and resourcing adequate training places in the next three years to meet the demand for pre-registration and post-registration students, and to meet the projected shortfalls and enable safe, high quality care to be given to patients.
	I join the noble Baroness, Lady Finlay, in emphasising the importance of this debate in seeing that there are adequate nurses to meet the requirements of patients.

Baroness Howe of Idlicote: My Lords, I join other noble Lords in thanking the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, for her excellent speech, and for giving the House this opportunity to discuss the current financial deficits in the NHS.
	It has always been argued that the whole GDP could be spent on the health service. Indeed, I remember Keith Joseph making exactly that point when he was first appointed Secretary of State. With the many very welcome medical breakthroughs since then, the challenge for the Minister has become even greater. The need, above all, is to spend on the right priorities.
	Clearly that has not always happened. Spending on the NHS was £36.7 billion in 1997; it has more than doubled since then; and it is growing. Sadly, there are all too many examples of waste and poor value for that money. The recent example of the misjudged doctors' pay settlement more than illustrates the point. So too, there are far too many examples of key staff being made redundant as a result of yet another round of "reform", and then being re-engaged as management consultants at a much higher price.
	It is, of course, the effect of all this on the nursing profession—in particular, on specialist nursing posts—that we are concerned with this evening, and the detrimental effects that such cuts in staff are having on the services that are particularly important to those patients with long-term conditions.
	The nursing profession has indeed made real progress in recent years, with increases in its pay, responsibilities and qualifications. I pay tribute to the previous Government, when the noble Baroness, Lady Bottomley, made raising the status of the nursing profession one of her priorities as Secretary of State; so, too, to this Government, who have more than continued that investment. As a result, a recent joint Department of Health and Royal College of Nursing survey showed just how far advanced nursing practice had significantly contributed to improved patient care and service capacity, including caring for more patients at home, thus avoiding hospital admissions. That is why it is such a sad commentary on those achievements that these new specialist nurses, originally seen as a major part of the Government's reform plans for a more patient-centred service, have now become an all-too-easy target for those cuts which the Government require to be made by trusts in financial deficit.
	When I think back to when I served on the Briggs committee on the future of the nursing profession—when all nurse training took place on the wards and practically no specialist nurse training existed at all—and realise all the progress made since then, it is an even greater sadness to see the nursing profession targeted in this way. It is also worrying that the huge extra resources allocated to the NHS have clearly not yet been adequately managed so as to match the changing special needs and expectations of citizens and patients. Today, we see longer life expectancies and an increasing percentage of older people in the population, a similarly growing number of handicapped patients, and that those with long-term conditions are living longer and likewise growing in number. Those suffering from dementia, for example, now numbering 700,000, are expected to number 1.7 million in 10 years. We also know that there are nothing like enough mental health facilities for adults; indeed, many end up in prison. There is such limited provision for children that deeply worrying stories circulate of their being housed with severely disturbed adults. That is why we must start with the need to give priority to those specialist nursing services that are certainly needed by some young people but, increasingly, are even more necessary for the older population over a longer period.
	One more illustration of the need for specialist nursing is stroke, the UK's third biggest killer. It is also one of the most expensive diseases in the country, costing the nation around £7 billion a year. The Stroke Association believes specialist stroke nurses are a fundamental part of this service. Consultant nurse posts in that field are still low in number, and over a quarter of hospitals have no form of senior stroke nurse specialist. Yet the national clinical guidelines for stroke say that:
	"Specialist stroke services should be available in the community as part of an integrated system of care to facilitate early supported discharge".
	Against this background, my final worry is that the case for the patient and the carers involved seems increasingly unrepresented, despite government protests to the contrary. As recently as 2003, the Government set up over 400 PPIs—patient and public involvement forums—specifically as a voice for local NHS consumer concerns. They also set up the Commission for Patient and Public Involvement in Health, which was to be the national voice representing patient and public issues and concerns. Yet only three years later—and in a pattern disturbingly similar to that proposed for the Probation Service in the NOMS Bill—this whole structure is to be disbanded and replaced by LINks: local involvement networks. Notwithstanding the fact that there will no longer be any central body to present the national picture, the Government claim that this will,
	"strengthen the system of user involvement".
	The House of Commons Health Select Committee's latest report calls the LINks network model "vague and woolly", and says,
	"The lack of clarity about LINks role and structure is likely to create confusion and inactivity".
	Unsurprisingly, the Royal College of Nursing is also concerned. It points out,
	"that the means by which it has been developed indicates one of the deficiencies of existing systems of consultation".
	For, as they say, the existing systems of PPI have not been given sufficient time or resource to bed in effectively, nor has the model been fully evaluated.
	I hope that the Minister will be able to reassure your Lordships on these points, but this is one more reason why we should be grateful to the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, for having brought these matters to the attention of the House.

Baroness Barker: My Lords, I, too, thank the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, for introducing this subject with her characteristic feistiness and passion. I convey the best wishes of, I suspect, the whole House to the noble Baroness, Lady Wilkins, for a speedy and complete recovery.
	Nurses have a unique role within the health service. I hope that the noble Lord, Lord McColl, will back me in the assertion that they are one of the few groups of people who can strike terror into the hearts of consultants. They are therefore of immense value.
	I, too, want to talk about two issues in particular. The first is workforce planning, mentioned by the noble Baroness, Lady Emerton—ensuring that we have nurses in the right place at the right time. Following in the steps of the noble Baroness, Lady Finlay, I believe that it would be useful to identify exactly what we are talking about. The RCN, in its report Maxi Nurses: Advanced and Specialist Nursing Roles, identified five main types of jobs: nurse practitioners; clinical nurse specialists; nurse consultants; specialist nurses; and advanced nurse practitioners. In those roles, nurses spent 60 per cent of their time in clinical activity; 17 per cent in education; 14 per cent in management; and 4 per cent in research. Some 90 per cent of A&S nurses carry out patient assessments and referrals and offer specialist advice. Overall, clinical nurse specialists and specialist nurses tend to focus on case management, while nurse consultants and advanced nurse practitioners do more diagnostic activities.
	I found that information rather interesting and it helped to explain a key problem. The development of specialist and advanced nursing roles has come about with a lack of clarity. Alarmingly, that lack of clarity extends to other people within the medical profession, which in turn leads to a misuse, or an underuse, of this very important resource. Nurses are an important resource. The average age of specialist nurses is 46 and typically they have between 16 and 20 years' experience, of which 10 years is in the speciality of which they are deployed. That is a very valuable resource within the NHS, where reorganisation and turmoil have led to a great deal of turnover.
	Half those specialist nurses are based in hospitals, mostly in specialist units, while 10 per cent are in GP practices and 20 per cent are in the community. That raises the question of the extent to which they are involved in preventive work and in the maintenance of long-term conditions. Is the balance in that correct? According to the RCN research, 72 per cent of the work of advanced and specialist nurses is primarily on their own, with a high level of autonomy. They express a high degree of satisfaction with that, particularly the degree of patient contact and their ability to see cases through to the end. Patients welcome that continuity and the chance to build up confidence.
	It is clear that specialist nurses play a vital role in drawing together different parts of the NHS. What is less clear is the extent to which they are a pivotal force in ensuring continuity of health and social care. That is important, given the Government's recent announcement that practice-based commissioning will extend to social care. I declare my interest as someone involved in social care.
	The noble Baroness, Lady Cumberlege, touched on one of the most important questions in the debate: what will happen to the role of specialist nurses as their commissioning and employment become ever more fragmented? Speakers in today's debate have talked about the role of PCTs. Noble Lords may know that, three or four weeks ago, Kingston PCT announced that it would no longer be a provider of services and would only commission them from the independent sector.
	That leads to the key question of workforce planning. How will those responsible for commissioning services determine the optimum configuration of specialist nursing staff? Throughout this debate, we have heard about the vital role that specialist nurses play as the bridge between consultants, clinical staff and patients in the community. They can help with medicines management, which is now an important and increasingly complex aspect of nursing. How are we going to get the correct configuration, even in a place such as London where we have teaching hospitals, a large number of PCTs and a strategic health authority?
	The Minister will be aware of the economic advantage that specialist nurses bring to the NHS. It is a paradox that, while specialist nurses say that they like to be autonomous and to work on their own because of the development of their skills that that brings, in relative terms they are perhaps more valuable when they work in multi-professional teams, because they take demand away from more expensive acute services and enable patients to manage themselves. Nurses will have a huge role in the development of self-care.
	Perhaps the best and most hopeful answer that the Minister could give to the question posed by the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, is that, within the dreaded phrase "modernising nursing", his department will provide comparative studies of different models of deployment of specialist nurses. They could be of different models in acute trusts, primary care trusts and GP practices jointly employing nurses, or they could be population studies. We know that the populations of people with different conditions vary dramatically. Some neurological conditions affect only a small number of people in a given area. What is the best specialist nursing arrangement for such conditions? The value of the specialist nursing role is not in doubt, as evidenced by tonight's debate, but the question of the value of different patterns of commissioning and deployment has yet to be answered. That is the information that the department could most usefully provide.

Lord McColl of Dulwich: My Lords, I, too, thank the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, for initiating this valuable debate. Most of what I was going to say has already been said, so I shall not repeat it. However, I shall draw the attention of the House to Thomas Guy, who was a governor of a famous London teaching hospital 300 years ago. He became dissatisfied with the way that the chronic sick were being looked after. He made a fortune printing bibles in Holland, and he used his money to build a hospital called Guy's Hospital for Incurables. Unfortunately, he died before the hospital was opened, and it soon put aside the business of the chronic sick and got on with acute medicine and surgery. Nothing changes: the chronic sick were soon forgotten, as they always seem to be.
	We ought to remind ourselves that half of us will be disabled to a greater or lesser extent before we die. Perhaps if altruism is not enough to motivate the Government, a touch of realism might be a greater stimulus. In England, there are 17.5 million disabled people with long-term conditions, who account for 80 per cent of GP consultations and a majority of elective and emergency admissions to hospital. They are the people who most need the support of specialist nurses.
	I draw your attention to stomatherapists, who have been mentioned. They are worth their weight in gold. They transform the life of those who have to have a colostomy or ileostomy—especially an ileostomy, which is so much more difficult to control, as the effluent is fluid. They make an enormous difference. They try to rehabilitate patients so that they can live a pretty normal life.
	One lady who had to have an ileostomy for her urine was very active and did not like emptying the bags, which are rather inconvenient. The stomatherapist and the lady concerned agreed on a quite amusing way to deal with the problem. She had a long, thin bag which went down her trouser leg inside her trousers with a tap on the bottom. When she needed to empty it, she used to go up to a parked car, kneel down in front of it and pretend to be doing up her shoe lace while she was really emptying the bag. Of course, it is quite usual to have fluid around the front of the car and on the road, so no one commented. The only problem was that garage owners could not understand why all the motorists were so neurotic, bringing their cars in to say that they had a leaking radiator. Anyway, stomatherapists are tremendous people and make a great difference to those who have to suffer an ileostomy or a colostomy.
	The Royal College of Nursing found in its survey that 86 per cent of specialist nurses were worried about financial pressures. The figure that has already been cited—that one in five think that they will be made redundant—is quite shocking. June James, a specialist diabetic nurse, was reported on the BBC as saying:
	"Posts are being downgraded and services cut and I think it shows a lack of respect for the work that we do".
	Another key part of the NHS workforce who should be caring for people with long-standing conditions is district nurses. Yet, again, among that group of health professionals, we witness the effect of the financial problems. In the past 10 years, we have witnessed a one-fifth reduction in the number of district nurses, from 14,000 to 11,000. In the past year alone, 800 district nurses have been lost. It is clear that the Department of Health strategy for moving care out of hospitals into the community is in serious danger.
	The worry is that the demand for more specialist nurses will not be met in future, not only because the NHS is cutting back on those posts but because it is cutting back on the education and training budget for the third year in a row. That is worrying, especially as the Government have allowed at least six of England's 10 strategic health authorities to cut their training budgets, despite the NHS chief executive promising, as recently as February, that that would not happen. Specialist nurse training will undoubtedly suffer.
	Much has been said about ESNs, who are also essential. As the noble Baroness, Lady Gould of Potternewton, said, we do not have enough of them. The NICE guidelines are absolutely clear but are not being kept to. The business of pump-priming is very important. Epilepsy specialist nurses, known as Sapphire nurses, were set up with the pump-priming. As has been mentioned, £2.5 million was spent on that. The agreements made between NHS trusts and charities have been flouted. That is disgraceful and it would be very helpful if the Minister could tell us what the Government's view is on those written agreements. That is a great shame.
	Will the Government take urgent steps to ensure that the NICE clinical guidance 20 will be fully implemented across NHS trusts? To repeat it, it states:
	"Epilepsy specialist nurses should be an integral part of the network of care of individuals with epilepsy".

Lord Hunt of Kings Heath: My Lords, I very much welcome tonight's debate and congratulate the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, on allowing us to debate the critical role of specialist nurses, who, as she so eloquently pointed out, work with some of our most vulnerable patients. Every noble Lord who has spoken has paid tribute to the role of specialist nurses, whether in the area of multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, strokes, spinal care—on which it was very good to hear of the progress made by my noble friend Lady Wilkins—diabetes, palliative care or other fields. The noble Lord, Lord McColl, mentioned Thomas Guy. He pointed out that, given the demographics ahead and the number of disabled people likely to be in our community over the next 10, 20 and 30 years, the role of specialist nurses in caring, supporting and encouraging those people is very important.
	Much of this well informed debate essentially revolved around the roles of the Government and local health services in making decisions. My noble friend Lady Gould and the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, in particular, focused on the role of Government. As I see it, the Government's role is to fund the health service appropriately and to ensure that proper guidance is available to local decision-makers through national service frameworks and organisations such as NICE. We depend on effective commissioning by primary care trusts and practice-based commissions, with financial payment by results to incentivise local trusts to provide cost-effective services.
	The role of the regulator, the Healthcare Commission, is to ensure that that adds up to effective performance and that the services provided are high quality and safe. I know that the noble Baroness, Lady Howe, criticised poor management in the NHS, but I am convinced that this is the best approach to getting good management as opposed to central, top-down, micromanagement. I accept that the Government have a strong role in encouraging local NHS bodies to consider and understand the role of specialist nurses, but it cannot be their role to dictate to the NHS and individual primary care trusts what they do.
	My noble friend Lady Gould and the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, in particular, referred to the NICE guidance. It is powerful, and I very much hope that local NHS bodies take it to heart. There are very important points to make about the availability of central information on the number of nurses. I well understand the point made by the noble Baroness, Lady Cumberlege, and the noble Lord, Lord Dubs. My understanding is that we have never collected nursing numbers broken down by band or grade. As we have heard from other noble Lords, because there is no standard definition of specialist nurses, even if we were to count, it would be difficult given our present understanding.
	None the less, we have seen an increase of 80,000 nurses in the health service since 1997. Overall there has been a huge increase in training commissions. In the early 1990s nurse commissions went down to as few as around 13,000. There are now more than 20,000. As has been described, we have also seen huge areas of development in the skills of nurses, specialist practitioners, nurse consultants and community matrons. Nurses work independently and autonomously. They are leading services with medical colleagues and they are equal and respected members of the healthcare team. The noble Baroness, Lady Cumberlege, referred to nurse prescribing. She and I have shared a real passion for ensuring that that is developed. I also thought that the comment made by the noble Baroness, Lady Barker, about medicine's management was very well made.
	That leads us to the question of workforce planning in the health service, which the noble Baronesses, Lady Cumberlege and Lady Emerton, asked me to describe. I have seven minutes left. Very basically, the key responsibility is at the strategic health authority level. The job of the strategic health authorities is to pull together service needs on the one hand and training commissions on the other. They then have a service level agreement with the department so that the effect of their work comes together and we have an overall national strategy and understanding of the workforce requirements. This has, of course, always been a problematic area for the health service. There has usually been a huge pendulum swing. There have been too many training places and then not enough work places for those people, followed by a swingeing cut in training places and a shortage of staff. Clearly, we want to avoid that. I do believe that what I have described is the best approach. I understand the point made by the noble Baroness, Lady Emerton, about the need to ensure that nurses are involved in workforce planning at the SHA level. I do not know the numbers—I doubt that anyone does—but the point that she makes is very important.
	The noble Baronesses, Lady Gould and Lady Masham, and other noble Lords referred to the MS specialist nurse post. I understand the concern about the failure of PCTs and trusts to pick up the cost. All I can say is that I very much regret that this problem has arisen. The Government's intention is absolutely clear; we want to continue to improve the care of people with long-term conditions, including those with MS. Clearly, these posts were seen as a very important component of that general strategy.
	A number of noble Lords talked about funding. All I will say about funding is that it was absolutely right to require trusts overall to get into financial balance. That has led to very difficult decisions having to be taken. However, the Chief Nursing Officer has asked all nurse directors who are redesigning services to ensure that an impact assessment is carried out to maintain the quality of service to patients. That very much relates to the role of specialist nurses. I very much take the point made by my noble friend Lord Dubs and the noble Baroness, Lady Howe, about the cost-effectiveness of the employment of specialist nurses. That is absolutely right. The point has been made clear to those helping trusts in particular financial difficulty to understand that when taking decisions on achieving financial balance, possibly by cutting specialist services.
	Some very interesting points have been made about the actual definition of specialist nurse roles. I understand that the Nursing and Midwifery Council is considering the variations very seriously. The title of specialist is not protected through registration. Some nurses may be called specialist but do not actually have the higher level of skill needed, which leads to a concern about the quality and safety of patient care. I therefore support what the Nursing and Midwifery Council is doing in this area, and I take note of the comments made by the noble Baroness, Lady Masham, about registration. This must also be seen in the context of modernising nursing careers. This is another opportunity in the work to be led by the Chief Nursing Officer to ensure that we embrace the points that noble Lords have made here.
	On the question of stoma care, I shall move on quickly from the interesting comments of and example cited by the noble Lord, Lord McColl. I want to make it absolutely clear that there is no reason at all why, under this review, home services should be discontinued. Indeed, I take this opportunity to deplore the conduct of certain commercial undertakings. They have caused unnecessary concern to patients by distributing wholly inaccurate information. I utterly deplore that and I can assure noble Lords that the last thing that I want, in taking forward this review, is for patients to be affected in the way described by the noble Baroness.
	I turn to the question of independent midwives. The noble Baroness, Lady Cumberlege, knows that I am concerned about this situation. She is a little unfair to the Chief Nursing Officer. There is no reason why the CNO, who is as exercised as I am about this and is involved in a lot of discussions, needs to be accompanied by representatives of the independent midwives to every meeting. I would be happy to meet the noble Baroness and the association to discuss the issues further. I am concerned about the situation, but there is no easy answer. However, I would be happy to take it forward. The noble Baroness knows my views in this area. I do not want to see the practice of independent midwives inhibited in any way, but it is a difficult issue.
	I conclude by saying that my honourable friend Mr Ivan Lewis held a summit today of the MS Society, Epilepsy Action, the Parkinson's Disease Society and the RCN to discuss the issues that noble Lords have raised tonight. There was agreement to produce best-practice guidance and to encourage PCTs to advocate the role of specialist nurses across the country. My honourable friend is very supportive of that work. Further, let me say at once that I think that there is a general acceptance that our main role is in encouraging NHS bodies locally to do the right thing. However, I have taken note of the comment made by the noble Baroness, Lady Barker, about models of deployment and population studies. It is an excellent idea and I will take it back with me. I do not know whether it can be embraced in this joint piece of work, but I shall certainly suggest it. It could be a very useful way forward.
	The Government have no disagreement whatsoever with the proposition put forward in this debate of the importance of specialist nurses, particularly when we are clear about the role that they have to play and agree that they have the right professional qualifications to do so. We do not believe that this is something to be dealt with through government diktat; it must be achieved through encouragement and information. I can assure noble Lords that my honourable friend Mr Lewis and I are very concerned to work with the key organisations to ensure that that happens.

House adjourned at 9.28 pm.